缓倾斜薄矿脉连续开采地压控制机理试验研究

doi:10.12068/j.issn.1005-3026.2025.20240082

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

针对传统房柱法及全面法开采缓倾斜薄矿脉时存在的产能低、矿石损失大、地压灾害频发等问题，以三道沟金矿为背景，基于新型预应力膨胀支柱技术，开展缓倾斜薄矿脉多采场开采室内相似试验.通过对比无支护与预应力膨胀支柱支护条件，揭示了围岩变形、应力分布及破裂演化规律，并分析了顶板破坏模式.研究表明：相较无支护工况，预应力膨胀支柱可使顶板变形量降低约44%，显著缓解浅部采空区应力释放及深部岩体、底柱的应力集中；围岩仅发生局部失稳，有效避免了顶板突发性垮塌灾害，为缓倾斜薄矿脉连续开采的围岩稳定性控制提供了理论支撑.

关键词: 缓倾斜薄矿脉, 连续开采, 地压控制, 膨胀支柱, 室内相似试验

Abstract:

To address low productivity， high ore loss， and frequent rock hazards in traditional room-and-pillar and breasting mining methods for gently inclined thin veins， laboratory similarity experiments were conducted for multi-stope mining of gently inclined thin veins at Sandaogou gold mine using novel pre-stressed expandable pillars technology. Surrounding rock deformation， stress distribution， fracture evolution， and roof failure modes were analyzed under unsupported and pre-stressed expandable pillar-supported conditions. Results show that compared with the unsupported condition， the pre-stressed expandable pillars can reduce the roof deformation by approximately 44%， relieve stress release in shallow goafs， and mitigate stress concentration in deep strata/floor pillars. The surrounding rock only experiences local instability， effectively avoiding the sudden collapse of the roof. This provides theoretical support for the stability control of the surrounding rock during the continuous mining of gently inclined thin veins.

Key words: gently inclined thin vein, continuous mining, ground pressure control, expandable pillar, laboratory similarity experiment

中图分类号:

TD 355

李坤蒙, 李峥嵘, 熊志朋, 李元辉. 缓倾斜薄矿脉连续开采地压控制机理试验研究[J]. 东北大学学报（自然科学版）, 2025, 46(10): 143-150.

Kun-meng LI, Zheng-rong LI, Zhi-peng XIONG, Yuan-hui LI. Experimental Study on Ground Pressure Control Mechanism in Continuous Mining of Gently Inclined Thin Veins[J]. Journal of Northeastern University(Natural Science), 2025, 46(10): 143-150.

图/表 11

图1 缓倾斜薄矿脉无矿柱连续开采设计与现场应用效果

Fig.1 Design and field application effect of continuous mining without ore pillar in gently inclined thin vein

图2 数值模型与监测设计

Fig.2 Numerical model and monitoring design

表1 相似材料岩样的力学参数

Table 1 Mechanical parameters of rock samples with similarity materials

岩样	密度/(kg·m^-3)	抗压强度/MPa	弹性模量/GPa	抗拉强度/MPa
现场岩体	2 700	10.190	17.500	0.500
相似材料岩样目标值	1 800	0.102	0.175	0.005
相似材料岩样	1 800	0.116	0.165	0.008

图3 相似材料配比试验（a）—相似材料试样；（b）—试样力学试验.

Fig.3 Similar material proportioning experiment

图4 膨胀支柱模型的相似结构设计和承载性能测试（a）—膨胀支柱；（b）—模型；（c）—模型加载；（d）—性能测定.

Fig.4 Similarity structure design and load-bearing tests of expandable pillar models

图5 室内相似模型开挖及监测设计（a），（b）—无支护；（c），（d）—膨胀支柱支护.

Fig.5 Laboratory similar model excavation and monitoring design

图6 不同开采阶段采场顶板垂直位移（a）~（d）—无支护；（e）~（h）—膨胀支柱支护.

Fig.6 Vertical displacement of stope roof at different mining stages

图7 不同开采阶段采场顶板垂直应力（a）—第1阶段；（b）—第2阶段；（c）—第3阶段；（d）—第4阶段.

Fig.7 Vertical stress of stope roof at different mining stages

图8 采场顶板的稳定性特性（a）—无支护；（b）—膨胀支柱支护.

Fig.8 Stability characteristics of stope roof

图9 膨胀支柱承载力变化曲线

Fig.9 Load-bearing capacity curves of expandable pillar

图10 膨胀支柱支护作用下覆岩的最终破坏特征

Fig.10 Final failure characteristics of overlying rock with expandable pillar support

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