《东北大学学报(自然科学版)》 创刊于1955年,是教育部主管、东北大学主办的理工类综合性学术期刊。现为月刊,每期152页,国内外公开发行。本刊的办刊宗旨是:以马克思列宁主义、毛泽东思想、邓小平理论、“三个代表”重要思想、科学发展观、习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想为指导,及时报道东北大学理工管各学科的最新学术成果,以促进学术交流,培养科技人才,为把东北大学建成国内一流、国际知名的高水平大学而努力。主要栏目有:信息科学与工程、材料与冶金、机械工程、资源与土木、管理科学、数理化力学等。
15 July 2024, Volume 45 Issue 7 Previous Issue   
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Steering Actuator Fault Diagnosis of Intelligent Vehicle Based on Variable Parameter Model
Hong-wei WANG, Lei LI, Chen-yu LIU, Xun WANG
2024, 45 (7):  913-920.  DOI: 10.12068/j.issn.1005-3026.2024.07.001
Abstract ( 431 )   HTML ( 10)   PDF (1238KB) ( 103 )  

In order to solve the problem that the longitudinal vehicle speed is set as a constant value in traditional vehicle research, a robust gain scheduling fault diagnosis algorithm is designed based on an observer. Firstly, by taking the longitudinal vehicle speed as the scheduling variable, while considering actuator fault, model uncertainty and external interference, a mathematical model using linear parameter varying (LPV) is established on the basis of the traditional vehicle model. Then, the state of the actuator fault is reconstructed, and a robust gain scheduling observer with variable weight factor is designed to achieve dual estimation of vehicle state information and actuator fault signals. Finally, joint simulations using MATLAB/Simulink and Carsim are carried out under double lane change and snake maneuvers. The results show that the designed actuator fault diagnosis algorithm can effectively deal with the time?varying characteristics of vehicle longitudinal speed, and track the vehicle state and fault information timely and accurately under complex working conditions, which breaks through the limitations of traditional vehicle fault diagnosis algorithms.

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A Saturation Artifact Inpainting Algorithm for Cell Fluorescence Microscopic Images
Ji-hong LIU, Lü-heng ZHANG, Hai-xu YANG
2024, 45 (7):  921-927.  DOI: 10.12068/j.issn.1005-3026.2024.07.002
Abstract ( 289 )   HTML ( 3)   PDF (1027KB) ( 43 )  

Fluorescence microscope images of cells contain abundant phenotypic features, which are used to study the absorption and transportation of substances in cells, as well as chemical distribution and localization. These analyses require high?quality cell images. However, saturation artifacts will cause serious loss of phenotypic features, which will affect morphological analysis and certain classification experiments. From the perspective of data post?processing, a two?stage cell image inpainting model is proposed based on generative adversarial networks to solve the loss of phenotypic features caused by saturation artifacts. The model can restore large areas of missing phenotypic characteristics. The effectiveness and reliability of the restored image are validated through four groups of experiments. The results indicate that the restored results effectively fill in the missing phenotypic features and enhance the image quality for analysis. Classification experiments, serving as a representation of cell morphology analysis experiments, are conducted on both the original and restored cell images. It is proved that the image after restoring saturated artifacts can improve the experimental accuracy based on cell morphology analysis.

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Emotional Classification Based on Multidimensional Feature Matrix and Improved Dense Connection Network
Hong-li LI, Hao-yu LIU, Rong-hua ZHANG, Yi CHENG
2024, 45 (7):  928-935.  DOI: 10.12068/j.issn.1005-3026.2024.07.003
Abstract ( 204 )   HTML ( 3)   PDF (1343KB) ( 34 )  

Emotional EEG(electroencephalogram) signal is a non?stationary time series with low signal?to?noise ratio. Traditional feature extraction and classification methods are difficult to extract and classify the effective features of different emotional states. In regard to the above situation, a deep learning model that automatically fuses different frequency bands and time?frequency characteristics of EEG signals is proposed. Firstly, the preprocessed data is processed in frequency bands, and the differential entropy features of each frequency band are extracted. Then, the squeeze excitation module connected in the network assigns weight to the differential entropy features of different frequency bands to obtain the valuable information of the input data, and then uses the improved dense connection network for feature fusion and classification recognition to ensure the maximum information transmission between the network layers. Finally, the algorithm is verified by using the SEED emotional EEG of three classification dataset, and the classification accuracy is 96.03%, which is higher than the existing baseline learning algorithm. The proposed algorithm further enhances network feature extraction capabilities and demonstrates faster convergence, which is of great significance for improving the performance of the classifier.

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A Multi-scale Edge Detection Method Based on Encoder-Decoder
An-lin TIAN, Wei-min LEI, Peng ZHANG, Wei ZHANG
2024, 45 (7):  936-943.  DOI: 10.12068/j.issn.1005-3026.2024.07.004
Abstract ( 184 )   HTML ( 1)   PDF (3802KB) ( 29 )  

Traditional edge detection algorithms often suffer from fractured and discontinuous edge lines, while deep learning?based approaches fail to ensure edge clarity and accuracy, often leading to the loss of edge details. To address these issues, a lightweight edge detection method based on encoder?decoder structure is proposed. The encoder extracts the edge features of the image, recovers the edge information lost when sampling under the encoder at the decoding end, uses the jump connection method between the codecs to achieve the fusion between low?level features and high?level features, and uses the deep supervision module with attention mechanism to further learn multi?scale and multi?level edge features to generate fine image edges. The network model is trained on the BSDS500S dataset. Experimental results show that the ODS and OIS of the proposed method reach 0.808 and 0.830 respectively, and the frame rate on the GTX 1060 machine reaches 60 frames/second, which exceeds the mainstream edge detection methods based on convolutional neural networks, thus showing its effectiveness.

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Progressive Face Age Synthesis Algorithm Based on Generative Adversarial Network
Xiao-yu YANG, Ai-xia WANG, Gang YANG, Jing-jiao LI
2024, 45 (7):  944-952.  DOI: 10.12068/j.issn.1005-3026.2024.07.005
Abstract ( 267 )   HTML ( 2)   PDF (1901KB) ( 34 )  

The goal of face age synthesize (FAS) is to synthesize face images of specified ages based on the source face image, while preserving personal characteristics and identity information of the face. To solve the problem that irrelevant features are easy to change and artifact ghosting occurs when age is changed, a progressive face age synthesis algorithm based on generative adversarial network is proposed. The age editing module based on gate recurrent unit is used to filter or add features adaptively, and attribute decoupling module is used for adversarial learning in the latent space. Through the adversarial strategy of generator and discriminator, the real and natural face synthesis is guaranteed. The age classification constraint is used to fit the specific age distribution. In order to preserve age?independent properties, reconstruction learning is also introduced into generative adversarial network. Experimental results on CACD dataset show that, compared with other algorithms based on conditional generative adversarial network, the proposed algorithm has reduced artifacts and distortions, enhanced age significance, and has better age accuracy and higher identity consistency.

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Materials & Metallurgy
Properties of (Ti,W)C Particles Reinforced Ni-based Coating by Laser Cladding
Shang-wu YANG, Hai-xia QU, Heng-jun LI, Chang-sheng LIU
2024, 45 (7):  953-959.  DOI: 10.12068/j.issn.1005-3026.2024.07.006
Abstract ( 332 )   HTML ( 2)   PDF (2465KB) ( 20 )  

In order to improve the wear resistance of hot?rolled high speed steel work rolls, Inconel 625 alloy coatings with 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30% (Ti,W)C content were prepared on ductile iron substrate by laser cladding technology. The effect of (Ti,W)C particles on the microstructure, hardness and wear resistance of the coatings was investigated. The (Ti,W)C particles are uniformly distributed in the coating, and have a good combination with the Inconel 625. The hardness of the coating increases from HV0.2280 to HV0.2424 with the increase of the (Ti,W)C particle content. In the process of friction and wear, the (Ti,W)C particles, as hard phases, inhibit the local plastic deformation of the material during wear. The wear amount of Inconel 625 alloy coating containing 30% (Ti, W)C particles is only 0.015 m3, and the average friction coefficient is 0.061 6. It has been proved that the hardness and wear resistance of Inconel 625 alloy coating are significantly improved and the friction coefficient is reduced by adding a reasonable amount of (Ti,W)C particles.

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Numerical Simulation of Flow and Heat Transfer of Hybrid Nanofluids in Manifold Microchannel Heat Sink
Hui DONG, Ke-fan YU, Liang ZHAO, Jin WANG
2024, 45 (7):  960-966.  DOI: 10.12068/j.issn.1005-3026.2024.07.007
Abstract ( 155 )   HTML ( 1)   PDF (1751KB) ( 22 )  

The numerical simulation of flow and heat transfer characteristics of hybrid nanofluids in a manifold microchannel heat sink (MMHS) was performed. Using Al2O3-CuO-water as the working fluid, the effects of the mixing ratio of nanoparticles, volume fraction (φ), Reynolds number (Re), and the introduction of grooves on the flow and heat transfer of the heat sink were investigated. The results showed that the hybrid nanofluids have excellent thermodynamic properties at high concentrations and Re, but the corresponding pressure drop increases. The overall performance of the hybrid nanofluids with a mixing ratio of 1∶4 is the best. When Re=100, φ=6%, the pump power consumption is 18.9% lower, and the overall performance index is 21.7% higher than that of single Al2O3-water nanofluids. Adding different shapes of grooves on the sidewall has a similar heat transfer effect to that of a smooth bifurcation microchannel.

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Effect of Magnesium Treatment on Liquid Precipitation Behavior of TiN
Yong-yu ZHANG, Kun MA, Yi MIN, Cheng-jun LIU
2024, 45 (7):  967-973.  DOI: 10.12068/j.issn.1005-3026.2024.07.008
Abstract ( 194 )   HTML ( 0)   PDF (1907KB) ( 22 )  

To investigate the effect of magnesium on TiN liquid precipitation in titanium microalloyed steel, the steel was melted in a vacuum induction furnace. The changes in inclusion composition and size in magnesium?treated steel at different billet positions were analyzed by SEM-EDS and imaging software and were compared with untreated steel. FactSage software was used to calculate inclusion formation. The results revealed that TiN inclusions form in the liquid phase at the solidification front. Higher nitrogen content increases TiN precipitation temperature and amount, and affects Ti4C2S2 and MnS precipitation. Without magnesium treatment, the average sizes of TiN are 2.48 and 2.11 μm in the quarter and center of slab, respectively. After magnesium treatment, the sizes decrease to 1.50, 1.45, 1.48, and 1.38 μm, respectively, with increased number density. Traces of Mg enable the stable existence of MgO·Al2O3, serving as TiN solidification cores, aiding dispersion and reducing the formation of large-size TiN during steel cooling.

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Mechanical Engineering
Research on Fuzzy Adaptive Interactive Control of Upper Limb Rehabilitation Robots
Quan SHAN, Shun ZHANG, Jian-cong HUANG, Yan CHEN
2024, 45 (7):  974-983.  DOI: 10.12068/j.issn.1005-3026.2024.07.009
Abstract ( 284 )   HTML ( 3)   PDF (1883KB) ( 14 )  

An adaptive interactive control system based on fuzzy rules for upper limb rehabilitation robots is proposed to address the insufficient or excessive training intensity during active rehabilitation exercises for stroke patients due to their individual differences. According to the difference of muscle strength of patients with different conditions, a fuzzy adaptive impedance controller is designed, which adjusts the damping and stiffness coefficients adaptively with fuzzy inference based on human?machine interaction forces and system errors, altering the training intensity to achieve on?demand assistive control for rehabilitation robots. Additionally, to ensure accurate tracking of the motion trajectory during rehabilitation training, a GA-FuzzyPID controller is designed to optimize the fuzzy rule membership functions and rule base according to an improved genetic algorithm, thereby reducing the trajectory tracking error of rehabilitation robots. Finally, trajectory tracking and adaptive impedance controlling simulation experiments are conducted for the system based on Matlab/Simulink. The results show that in the trajectory tracking experiment, the trajectory error of GA-FuzzyPID controller is reduced by 55.9% and 34.0% respectively compared with PID controller and FuzzyPID controller, which effectively improves the trajectory tracking accuracy. Compared with the fixed impedance method, the adaptive impedance control experiment verifies the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed adaptive interactive control system.

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Design and Research of Fingertip Self-locking Underactuated Manipulators
Li-xin GUO, Ze-hao LI, Ming-yang ZHAO
2024, 45 (7):  984-991.  DOI: 10.12068/j.issn.1005-3026.2024.07.010
Abstract ( 172 )   HTML ( 1)   PDF (1886KB) ( 17 )  

The underactuated manipulator has the advantages of simple structure, low cost, easy control and strong adaptive ability. However, the underactuated manipulator relies on mechanical limit and spring constraint to complete the grasp, resulting in poor grasping stability and inability to output greater fingertip grasping forces. Accordingly, a new underactuated three?finger manipulator with fingertip self?locking is proposed. The distal knuckle and middle knuckle can self?lock when grasping, which increases the grasping stability. At the same time, the D-H kinematic model of the single finger is established, the working space of the manipulator is analyzed by MATLAB, the finger is analyzed by statics, the manipulator is simulated by ADAMS software, and finally the grasping test is carried out. The results show that the self?locking manipulator can output greater grasping forces. Thus, the rationality and feasibility of the structure of the self?locking manipulator are verified.

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Flow and Heat Transfer Characteristics and Structure Optimization of Helically Corrugated Tubes Based on Kriging Model
Zhi-qun ZHENG, Xian-zhen HUANG, Zhi-yuan JIANG, Xing-lin MIAO
2024, 45 (7):  992-1001.  DOI: 10.12068/j.issn.1005-3026.2024.07.011
Abstract ( 186 )   HTML ( 2)   PDF (2578KB) ( 17 )  

Building on the helical tube heat exchanger integrated with a corrugated structure, a novel type of helically corrugated tube heat exchanger is designed. Numerical simulations are conducted to investigate the effects of varying corrugation depths and pitches on flow and heat transfer performance. After the Kriging model is trained with numerical computation results, it can then predict the flow and heat transfer characteristics of a larger number of helically corrugated tube samples with different structure features. The structural parameter with a lower friction coefficient and a higher heat transfer efficiency are screened to optimize the heat transfer characteristics. The results indicate that the sudden change in the flow velocity generated by the corrugated structure and the secondary flow generated by the helical structure improve both heat transfer efficiency and flow resistance. The Kriging model has higher accuracy and efficiency in predicting the heat transfer characteristics. In the selected range of structural parameters, the helically corrugated tubes have a lower friction coefficient and a higher heat transfer efficiency when the corrugation depth, corrugation pitch, helical diameter, and helical pitch are 1.32, 27.99, 86.49, 57.85 mm, respectively.

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Surface Damage Detection Method for Retired Shaft Parts Based on Improved YOLOv5
Wei-wei LIU, Jia-he QIU, Guang-da HU, Ze-yuan LIU
2024, 45 (7):  1002-1010.  DOI: 10.12068/j.issn.1005-3026.2024.07.012
Abstract ( 223 )   HTML ( 1)   PDF (2248KB) ( 19 )  

Aiming at the existing problems of low efficiency and poor consistency in the damage detection of retired shaft parts by traditional detection methods, an improved YOLOv5?based surface damage detection method for retired shaft parts is proposed. Firstly, the attention mechanism is embedded into the detection algorithm to enhance the feature representation of damage in the image. Then the network structure of the detection model is improved by using the repeated weighted bidirectional feature fusion method to effectively enhance the network feature extraction capability. Finally, Ghostconv convolution module is used instead of normal convolution, which drastically reduces the number of model parameters. The experimental results show that the accuracy of the modified algorithm model has improved by 6.9% compared to the original YOLOv5, reaching 88.4%, while the number of model parameters has reduced by 6.1%, ensuring the detection speed is on par with YOLOv5. Compared with such mainstream detection methods as YOLOv3, SSD and Faster-RCNN, its detection accuracy has a significant advantage while ensuring a higher detection speed.

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Material Removal Mechanism During Ultrasonic Vibration Assisted Grinding AISI 304 with Single CBN Grain
Zhen-yu YANG, Ping ZOU, Liang ZHOU, An-qi WANG
2024, 45 (7):  1011-1019.  DOI: 10.12068/j.issn.1005-3026.2024.07.013
Abstract ( 1116 )   HTML ( 2)   PDF (2554KB) ( 19 )  

In order to explain the removal mechanism of abrasive cutting materials under ultrasonic action, the single grain grinding process was analyzed, and the mathematical model of undeformed cutting thickness and the fixed velocity ratio (vs/vw) of abrasive and workpiece was established. The single grain tests of conventional grinding (CG), tangential ultrasonic vibration assisted grinding (TUVAG) and radial ultrasonic vibration assisted grinding (RUVAG) with a fixed speed ratio were carried out on AISI 304 specimens. The results showed that the specimens are removed by plastic deformation under the action of CG and TUVAG at the fixed speed ratio, but the ultrasound significantly improves the material removal rate. The material removal method of the specimen under RUVAG was closely related to the value of the maximum undeformed cutting thickness agmax. When agmax is less than 0.8 μm, the specimen was removed in the form of brittle fracture. After that, with the increase of agmax, the specimen was removed in the form of plastic deformation.

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Resources & Civil Engineering
Field Experimental Study on Mechanical Properties of Self-swelling Split-Set
Zheng-ming YANG, Shuai XU, Xu-bo JI, Rui-qiang WANG
2024, 45 (7):  1020-1027.  DOI: 10.12068/j.issn.1005-3026.2024.07.014
Abstract ( 299 )   HTML ( 0)   PDF (1727KB) ( 23 )  

The anchoring force of the split?set is affected by factors such as hole diameter difference and rock mass conditions, resulting in large fluctuations of the output anchoring force. The self?swelling split?set can improve the anchoring performance of the conventional split?set, and increase the load capacity and energy absorption capacity of the anchor. In this paper, the intelligent rockbolt pull?out test system is used to study the influence of different installation angles and roll lengths on the mechanical properties of self?swelling split?set under two extreme conditions: broken soft rock and intact hard rock. The results show that the anchoring force of the bolt is linearly and positively correlated with the length of the roll. The higher the strength of the surrounding rock, the faster the growth rate of the anchoring force. Under the same working condition, the anchoring force of the anchor is positively related to the installation angle, with the maximum anchoring force achieved when installed vertically. The lower the surrounding rock strength is, the greater the influence of the installation angle on the anchoring force is. Compared with conventional split?set, the self?swelling split?set can increase the anchoring force by 1.88 times and 3.15 times, and the energy absorption capacity by 143.7% and 259.6% under two extreme conditions, significantly improving the anchoring effect on the basis of sliding deformation.

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Grinding Characteristics and Gelling Activity of Siliceous Iron Ore Tailings Under Different Activation Modes
Shu-hong WANG, Chang-yu LIU, Qin-kuan HOU, Ying CAO
2024, 45 (7):  1028-1036.  DOI: 10.12068/j.issn.1005-3026.2024.07.015
Abstract ( 227 )   HTML ( 1)   PDF (2380KB) ( 12 )  

Mechanical activation is a commonly used method to improve the activity of tailings, and adding chemical activators to the grinding system is a more effective method. Five types of activators were used to compare and analyze the grinding characteristics and early gelation activity of siliceous iron ore tailings (IOTs) using single and composite methods. Iron ore tailings powder was prepared by mechanical activation and mechanochemical activation, and the grinding characteristics of IOTs after grinding were measured, including specific surface area, particle size distribution (PSD), and gelation activity at 3, 7, 28 d. The hydration products were analyzed by using XRD and SEM. The conclusion shows that the addition of various activators can increase the specific surface area of IOTs within the same grinding time, and the mechanical chemical activation with the addition of composite activators at 90 minutes of grinding can increase by up to 30.43% compared with mechanical activation. The addition of activators improves the grinding efficiency of IOTs, resulting in a narrower PSD range. The strength increase of cementitious system in the early stage of hydration is mainly due to the fact that activator can promote the formation of ettringite, while the strength increase in the later stage is due to the improvement of tailings activity. This study is of great significance for the efficient utilization of siliceous iron ore tailings.

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Simulation on Cracking of Random Aggregate Model of Concrete Three-Point Bending Beam
Qing-yuan WANG, Ying XU, Sheng QIAN
2024, 45 (7):  1037-1046.  DOI: 10.12068/j.issn.1005-3026.2024.07.016
Abstract ( 232 )   HTML ( 2)   PDF (2580KB) ( 27 )  

Accurate description of concrete crack propagation is of great significance to practical engineering. This paper adopts the cohesive zone model (CZM) to investigate both the macro?mechanical properties and the micro?cracking damage behavior of concrete beams in a three-point bending test. Throughout the study of damage under loading in the three-point bending test, parametric examinations are conducted on five key factors controlling the cracking of cohesive elements regarding the case of circulate aggregate, namely type I fracture energy, type II fracture energy, shear strength, tensile strength and elastic modulus (stiffness). Through the test results of macro-mechanical properties and micro-cracking, the test results of a group of specimens and the results of parametric models are reversely analyzed, and the applicable parameter range of control factors in three-point bending simulation is obtained. Three computation models with different aggregate areas are established by taking account of the quantitative aggregate data from specimens with different mix proportions. The parameter range is then applied to derive quantitative results related to crack propagation. Eventually, the accuracy of the parameter range is validated against both the mechanical properties and quantitative crack data obtained from simulations and experiment.

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Selection of Environmentally Friendly Leaching Materials and Their Remediation Effects on Cd Pollution in Brown Soil
Ying-hua LI, Ji-guo WU, Si-nan LIU, Jie QIAN
2024, 45 (7):  1047-1056.  DOI: 10.12068/j.issn.1005-3026.2024.07.017
Abstract ( 279 )   HTML ( 0)   PDF (3128KB) ( 10 )  

Biosurfactants have oil and water amphiphilic properties and commonly used for leaching heavy metals in soil. In order to further improve the removal rate of Cd in soil, ethylenediamine tetramethyl phosphonic acid (EDTMPA), polyamide acid (PAA) and citric acid (CA) were respectively combined with biosurfactants. The leaching characteristics of single leaching agent and composite materials on Cd contaminated soil were investigated by a horizontal experiment method, and the leaching parameters were optimized by response surface methodology. The leaching efficiency and the removal effect of soil Cd pollution between composite leaching and single leaching, different composite materials and leaching sequence were compared. The results showed that the removal rate of Cd by bio?surfactant was <16.69%. The removal rate of heavy metals by EDTMPA and saponin mixed leaching was significantly improved, and the removal rate of Cd was 49.28% higher than that by saponin alone. The optimization results of response surface model showed that the leaching time, mixing ratio, and temperature have a significant impact on the leaching effect, with the order of influence being leaching time>mixing ratio>temperature>pH, and there is interaction between the two factors. The optimum parameters of EDTMPA and saponin mixed leaching are: complex ratio 1.3∶1, pH of 7, temperature of 22 ℃, and leaching time of 240 min. Under these conditions, the removal rate of Cd is 65.16%.

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Experimental Study on Explosion Characteristics of Oolong Tea Dust
Kai-li XU, Xi-meng CHEN, Bo LIU
2024, 45 (7):  1057-1064.  DOI: 10.12068/j.issn.1005-3026.2024.07.018
Abstract ( 206 )   HTML ( 3)   PDF (3108KB) ( 12 )  

The particle size distribution of oolong tea dust produced by a tea company was characterized by laser particle size analyzer. The dust ignition sensitivity and explosion severity were experimentally studied in the ignition temperature of dust layer test instrument, Godbert?Greenwald furnace, Hartmann tube explosion experimental apparatus and Siwek 20 L spherical explosion test system. The experimental results show that the minimum ignition temperature of dust layer (MITL) is 250 ℃, the minimum ignition temperature of dust cloud (MITC) is 510 ℃, the minimum ignition energy (MIE) is more than 1 000 mJ, the lower explosion limity (LEL) is 120 g/m3, the maximum explosion pressure is 0.82 MPa, the maximum pressure rise rate is 63.002 8 MPa/s, and the explosion index is 17.1 MPa·m/s, indicating that the explosion grade is St-1. Finally, the explosion characteristics of the dust were analyzed theoretically with the aid of thermogravimetric analysis and industrial analysis. The research results have certain reference value for understanding the explosion hazard of tea dust, the safety management of the processing workshop and the explosion?proof design.

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