侧喷超细水雾抑制锂离子电池热失控传播

doi:10.12068/j.issn.1005-3026.2025.20230315

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为探究侧喷位置对锂离子电池（lithium-ion batteries，LIBs）热失控传播的影响，搭建了氮气和水的双相流超细水雾（NWM）试验平台，通过改变NWM在LIB模块侧方的施加位置，对比分析了不同侧喷位置NWM的冷却作用、衰减热辐射作用及窒息作用，以及施加位置不同时NWM抑制锂离子电池热失控传播的主导机制.结果表明：火焰对LIB模块热失控的传播具有促进作用.极耳位置施加NWM抑制LIB模块热失控传播的效果更加显著，且以窒息和衰减火焰热辐射为主导作用；在中间位置施加NWM，其抑制热失控传播的主导机理为冷却LIB模块表面温度.

关键词: 锂离子电池, 热失控, 氮气, 超细水雾, 冷却作用

Abstract:

In order to explore the influence of side spray position on thermal runaway propagation of lithium-ion batteries （LIBs）， a nitrogen and water two-phase flow ultra-fine water mist （NWM） test platform was set up. By changing the position of NWM applied on the side of LIB module， the cooling， thermal radiation attenuation and asphyxiation effects of NWM at different side injection locations， and the dominant mechanism of NWM inhibiting runaway thermal propagation of lithium-ion batteries at different locations were compared and analyzed. The results show that flame can promote the thermal runaway propagation of LIB module. The effect of NWM applied at the pole position on LIB module thermal runaway propagation is more significant， and the smothering and attenuating flame thermal radiation play a leading role. When NWM is applied in the middle position， the dominant mechanism to inhibit runaway thermal propagation is to cool the surface temperature of the LIB module.

Key words: lithium-ion batteries, thermal runaway, nitrogen, ultra-fine water mist, cooling effect

中图分类号:

X 932

刘旭东, 姜雪, 韩浩, 张培红. 侧喷超细水雾抑制锂离子电池热失控传播[J]. 东北大学学报（自然科学版）, 2025, 46(5): 145-152.

Xu-dong LIU, Xue JIANG, Hao HAN, Pei-hong ZHANG. Inhibition of Thermal Runaway Propagation of Lithium-Ion Batteries by Side Spray of Ultra-fine Water Mist[J]. Journal of Northeastern University(Natural Science), 2025, 46(5): 145-152.

图/表 12

图1 试验布置

Fig.1 Arrangement of test

表1 试验工况

Table 1 Test conditions

工况	作用位置	SOC	NWM	持续时间/s	气体流量	液体流量	雾滴粒径D_V0.9/μm
工况	作用位置	SOC	NWM	持续时间/s	(L·min^-1)	(mL·min^-1)	雾滴粒径D_V0.9/μm
1		100%	关闭
2	电池中间	100%	开启	60	45	120	96.8
3	电池极耳	100%	开启	60	45	120	96.8

图2 不同工况锂离子电池模块特征过程

Fig.2 Characteristic processes of lithium-ion battery modules in different working conditions

图3 不同工况下热失控传播时间

Fig.3 Thermal runaway propagation time under different working conditions

图4 电池燃烧后图片

Fig.4 Picture of the battery after combustion

图5 不同工况下O2和CO2体积分数变化(a)—O2体积分数; (b)—CO2体积分数.

Fig.5 Variation of O2 and CO2 volume fraction under different working conditions

图6 不同工况的侧方辐射热流

Fig.6 Lateral radiant heat flow under different working conditions

图7 不同工况的电池温度（a）—工况1；（b）—工况2；（c）—工况3.

Fig.7 Battery temperature under different working conditions

图8 不同工况下电池间热传导通量

Fig.8 Heat conduction flux between batteries under different working conditions

图9 不同工况下电池平均温升速率

Fig.9 Average temperature rise rate of battery under different working conditions

图10 不同工况下火焰平均温度

Fig.10 Average flame temperature under different working conditions

图11 不同工况下电池2温度

Fig.11 Temperature of battery 2 under different working conditions

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