PVDF纳米纤维膜对工业除尘滤料的性能强化

doi:10.12068/j.issn.1005-3026.2024.03.015

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为了利用聚偏氟乙烯（PVDF）纤维膜的细直径和热/压电性提升过滤效率，用静电纺丝方法制备了PVDF纤维膜，通过SEM和XRD表征了PVDF纤维膜形貌和β晶相转化，并将PVDF纤维膜附着在PPS滤料上制备成PPS/PVDF复合滤料，对其过滤效率及压差特性进行了评估.结果表明：PVDF纤维膜无串珠结构，纤维直径分布在270~780 nm，中值427.3 nm，晶型结构以β晶相为主.随着风速升高，PPS/PVDF纤维膜复合滤料过滤效率下降更小，证明PVDF纤维膜的压电效应对微细粒子过滤效率有改善作用.随着温度的提高，PVDF纤维膜呈现热电性，复合滤料的过滤效率上升，当温度升高到70 ℃，其对小粒径0.3 μm粒子过滤效率提升幅度最大为28.37%.

关键词: 过滤效率, 压差特性, 聚偏氟乙烯, 压电性, 热电性

Abstract:

In order to improve the filtration efficiency by using the fine diameter and hot piezoelectric properties of PVDF fiber membrane， the PVDF fiber membrane was prepared using electrospinning. SEM and XRD were employed to characterize the morphology and β crystal phase transformation of PVDF fiber membrane. The PVDF fiber membrane was attached to PPS filter material to prepare PPS/PVDF composite filter material， and its filtration efficiency and differential pressure characteristics were evaluated. The results show that the PVDF fiber membrane has no beaded structure， the fiber diameter distribution ranges from 270 to 780 nm， with a median value of 427.3 nm， and the crystal structure is mainly β crystal phase. With the increase of wind speed， the filtration efficiency of PPS/PVDF fiber membrane composite filter material exhibited a lesser decrease， which proves that the piezoelectric effect of PVDF fiber membrane improves the filtration efficiency of fine particles. As the temperature increases， the PVDF fiber membrane exhibits thermoelectricity， and the filtration efficiency of the composite filter material increases. When the temperature rises to 70 ℃， the filtration efficiency of the particles with a small size 0.3 μm can be maximally increased by 28.37%.

Key words: filtration efficiency, differential pressure characteristics, PVDF（polyvinylidene fluoride）, piezoelectricity, thermoelectricity

中图分类号:

X 964

柳静献, 杜月. PVDF纳米纤维膜对工业除尘滤料的性能强化[J]. 东北大学学报（自然科学版）, 2024, 45(3): 422-429.

Jing-xian LIU, Yue DU. Performance Enhancement of PVDF Nanofiber Membrane on Industrial Dust Removal Filter Materials[J]. Journal of Northeastern University(Natural Science), 2024, 45(3): 422-429.

图/表 16

图1 压电测试装置

Fig.1 Piezoelectric test device

图2 PVDF静电纺丝纤维膜压电电压随受压程度变化

Fig.2 Piezoelectric voltage of PVDF electrospinning fiber membrane varies with the degree of pressure

图3 过滤材料性能测试装置

Fig.3 Filter material performance test device

表1 不同质量分数PVDF的纤维直径

Table 1 Fiber diameters of PVDF with different mass fractions

PVDF质量分数/%	直径/nm	平均直径/nm
8	70~250	166.81±44.82
10	130~450	259.72±74.96
12	210~620	419.43±103.04
14	—	—

图4 不同质量分数PVDF的纤维形貌（a）—PVDF质量分数为8%；（b）—PVDF质量分数为10%；（c）—PVDF质量分数为12%；（d）—PVDF质量分数为14%.

Fig.4 Fiber morphology of PVDF with different mass fractions

表2 不同纺丝电压的纤维直径

Table 2 Fiber diameters of different spinning voltages

纺丝电压/kV	直径分布/nm	平均直径/nm
12	210~900	548.92±192.32
14	200~800	540.32±152.52
16	240~1100	502.85±180.62
18	200~1350	489.66±180.10

图5 不同纺丝电压的纤维形貌（a）—纺丝电压12 kV；（b）—纺丝电压14 kV；（c）—纺丝电压16 kV；（d）—纺丝电压18 kV.

Fig.5 Fiber morphology of different spinning voltages

表3 不同接收距离的纤维直径

Table 3 Fiber diameters of different reception distances

接收距离/cm	直径分布/nm	平均直径/nm
5	540~2800	1 212.96±493.44
10	380~2000	781.83±390.57
15	270~780	481.65±129.35
20	191~850	517.22±172.98

图6 不同接收距离的纤维形貌（a）—接收距离5 cm；（b）—接收距离10 cm；（c）—接收距离15 cm；（d）—接收距离20 cm.

Fig.6 Fiber morphology of different reception distances

图7 PVDF 纤维膜的纤维形貌

Fig.7 Fiber morphology of PVDF fiber membranes

图8 三种材料X射线衍射图

Fig.8 XRD pattern of 3 kinds of materials

图9 不同风速下PPS过滤效率

Fig.9 PPS filtration efficiency under different wind speeds

图10 不同风速下PPS/PVDF纤维膜过滤效率

Fig.10 Filtration efficiency of PPS/PVDF fiber membrane under different wind speeds

表4 不同风速下两种滤料阻力

Table 4 Filter material resistance under different wind speeds

风速/（m·min^-1）	阻力/Pa
风速/（m·min^-1）	PPS	PPS/PVDF纤维膜
1	22	28
2	44	57
3	75	92

图11 风压与电压的拟合曲线

Fig.11 Fitted curve of wind pressure and voltage

图12 不同温度下PPS/PVDF纤维膜过滤效率

Fig.12 Filtration efficiency of PPS/PVDF fiber membrane at different temperatures

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