Abstract:

Classical practice perspectives face new challenges posed by brain-computer interface （BCI） technology， such as the absence or ambiguity of the body concept and the need for redefining the relationship between practice and cognition. These challenges arise because BCI practice possesses entirely novel characteristics： transitioning from single-capability restoration to comprehensive ability enhancement， evolving from embodied practice to extended practice involving the brain， machine， and environment， creating entirely new internal brain practice spaces， and enabling interconnected practice. These features not only innovate the connotation of practice but also underscore the foundational role of the body in practice. Despite this， BCI practice also introduces three new challenges： confusion over the sense of agency， the divergence between action intention and actual behavior， and the dominance of information and cognitive overload. These challenges lie in domains never addressed by traditional practice philosophy， necessitating the development of new practice strategies. Such strategies should be constructed based on the characteristics of BCI technology， incorporating diverse practice types and the relationship between humans and intelligent systems， with a focus on scenario-led， human-centered， and refined BCI negotiation frameworks.

Key words: brain-computer interface, practicalism, man-machine relationship