Abstract: The Black Soil Protection Law of the People's Republic of China officially came into force in 2022， and there is a long way to go in the protection of black soil in China. The research adopts literature analysis method and divides the historical evolution process of China's black soil protection policy into “embryonic” stage， “construction” stage， “systematization” stage， and “legalization” stage based on the key content of the black soil protection policy. Research has found that black soil protection faces many practical obstacles， such as severe soil erosion in black soil areas and continuous decline in black soil quality， farmers' lack of conservation awareness， difficulties in promoting conservation tillage， and the lack of a long-term mechanism for protecting black soil. In order to effectively protect black soil， the new requirements proposed by the Black Soil Protection Law of the People's Republic of China should be further implemented. Efforts should be made to strengthen the prevention and control of soil erosion， explore innovative protective farming techniques and suitable farming models， mobilize farmers' enthusiasm for participating in black soil protection， establish a long-term mechanism for black soil protection， and thus further promote black soil protection work to ensure national food security.

Key words: black soil protection; policy evolution; food security