Journal of Northeastern University(Social Science)

From Algorithm Bias to Algorithm Discrimination: Research on the Responsibility of Algorithmic Discrimination

MENG Lingyu

2022, 24 (1): 1-9. DOI: 10.15936/j.cnki.1008-3758.2022.01.001

Abstract ( 1149 )

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Algorithmic justice is now seen as a core ethical issue in the field of artificial intelligence， and is often expressed as algorithmic bias or algorithmic discrimination. But algorithm bias and algorithm discrimination are actually two problems. Distinguishing these two problems can show that algorithm bias does not have an ethical dimension， and algorithm discrimination is the real core ethical problem in the field of artificial intelligence. Algorithm bias is inevitable and it mainly comes from the bias of developers， the bias of data and the bias of algorithm itself. Among them， explicit bias is easy to be found and eliminated， but implicit bias is inevitable in the algorithm. The subject mainly responsible for algorithmic discrimination is human being， whose blind obedience to algorithmic bias leads to algorithmic discrimination. The discrimination caused by autonomous decision-making algorithm can also be traced to people. Therefore， algorithm developers and users should be responsible for algorithm discrimination.

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The Analysis of Aristotle's Science of Touch

ZHAO Qi

2022, 24 (1): 10-15. DOI: 10.15936/j.cnki.1008-3758.2022.01.002

Abstract ( 350 )

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Aristotle's analysis of touch occupies a core position in his sensory science. Sense is defined by sensibles， and each particular sense corresponds to its exclusive particular sensible. However， due to the diversity of objects of touch， there will be many kinds of touch， which violates the basic principles of the sensory science. The key to solving this problem lies in exploring the essence of the organ of touch， which is the material base of touch. Therefore， we are committed to proving that the flesh has dual roles of organ and medium. It is divided into universal organ and primary organ. From the perspective of primary organ of touch， touch can maintain its unity. Aristotle's exposition of the science of touch is of great significance. It is not only a comprehensive analysis of the relationship between organ and medium， but also a fundamental criterion for judging whether an animal is alive or not.

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What Kind of Skilled Talents Are Needed in the Age of Intelligent Manufacturing?

SONG Xuguang， ZUO Mahuaqing

2022, 24 (1): 16-24. DOI: 10.15936/j.cnki.1008-3758.2022.01.003

Abstract ( 456 )

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Intelligent manufacturing is the core of a new round of technological revolution and industrial transformation. Based on the nested CES production function， this paper analyzes the impact of the development of intelligent manufacturing on the employment demand of labor force with different skill levels from the perspective of theory and experience. Furthermore， by using feasibility generalized non-linear least squares (FGNLS) method， a normalized supply-side system is established to measure the substitution elasticity of capital for labor force with different skill levels. The results show that the development of intelligent manufacturing will squeeze out unskilled labor force and promote the employment demand for skilled labor force. From a structural point of view， the impact of the development of intelligent manufacturing on the employment demand for labor force with different skill levels in different regions is similar but different at the same time. The development of intelligent manufacturing in most regions has increased the employment demand for skilled labor， especially in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region， and Northeast China， where the demand for highly educated skilled labor is higher than other regions.

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Can Innovation Vouchers Promote High-tech SMEs' Investment Efficiency? Based on the Superimposed Effect of Supply-side and Demand-side Policies

ZHAO Ruirui， ZHANG Yuming， LIU Jiahui

2022, 24 (1): 25-33. DOI: 10.15936/j.cnki.1008-3758.2022.01.004

Abstract ( 273 )

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Taking 861 listed High-tech SMEs in 2012-2018 in China as the sample， this paper uses ordinary least squares， propensity score matching， difference-in-difference and other testing methods and empirically studies the impact of innovation vouchers， an innovation policy， on investment efficiency. The research shows that innovation vouchers can effectively alleviate overinvestment and under-investment of SMEs through industry-university-research collaboration. Innovation vouchers can reduce overinvestment caused by excessive government subsidies， that is， the superimposition of dual policies will inhibit disadvantages of a single policy. Mechanism test shows that innovation vouchers cannot reduce overinvestment or underinvestment by easing financing constraints， which has indirectly verified the mechanism of industry-university-research information sharing. When encouraging enterprises to invest， governments should pay attention to the inefficiency caused by a single supply-side policy， and optimize resource allocation through combination of multiple policies to improve the scientificity and effectiveness of the policy.

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Financing Behaviour Choices of Private Enterprises in China: From the Perspective of Non-tax Burden

MAO Defeng， PENG Fei

2022, 24 (1): 34-43. DOI: 10.15936/j.cnki.1008-3758.2022.01.005

Abstract ( 308 )

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Based on the survey data of private enterprises in China from 2012 to 2016， this paper adopts OLS model and instrumental variable method to analyze the impact of non-tax burden of private enterprises on financing behaviour. The results show that non-tax burden has significantly squeezed out the cash flow of enterprises， reduced the internal financing ratio， and increased the risk of external financing. This conclusion has been confirmed in specific items of non-tax burden. Heterogeneity analysis shows that this effect is more significant in small and medium-sized enterprises， start-up enterprises， and manufacturing and producer services， but has no obvious impact in large， mature enterprises and non-producer services. Further research has found that non-tax burden mainly increases the informal financing of enterprises， but has not affected the formal financing needs. Therefore， the government should step up efforts to promote the reform of non-tax revenue collection and management independence and optimize the reform of financing system to create a good financing environment for the development of private enterprises.

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Performance Below Aspiration and Adjustment of Slack Resources: The Empirical Evidence from High-tech Enterprises

LI Ying， LIU Ligang

2022, 24 (1): 44-52. DOI: 10.15936/j.cnki.1008-3758.2022.01.006

Abstract ( 276 )

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The impact of performance feedback on enterprise strategic behaviors is the main focus of current strategic management. This paper uses Shenzhen and Shanghai A-share listed enterprises in 2009-2017 as a sample， and from the perspective of agency， empirically studies the relationship between performance below aspiration and slack resources under the situation of whether CEO turnover occurs through system GMM method. The study finds that the performance below aspiration has an obvious agency effect on absorbed slack resources and unabsorbed slack resources. CEO turnover significantly moderates the relationship between performance below aspiration and absorbed slack resources. When CEO turnover occurs， the performance below aspiration has a significant effect on absorbed slack resources， but the effect is not significant in the CEO non-turnover situation.

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De-globalization， Imported Intermediate Inputs and High-quality Development of China's Manufacturing Industry: An Empirical Study Based on Industry Level

ZHANG Nan， SUN Xiangqi， LIN Fanqi

2022, 24 (1): 53-61. DOI: 10.15936/j.cnki.1008-3758.2022.01.007

Abstract ( 284 )

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Based on the panel data of China's manufacturing industry and imported intermediate inputs in the database of CEPII etc. from 2006 to 2014， the paper analyzes the influencing mechanism of imported intermediate inputs quality on the quality of China's manufacturing industry from the perspective of de-globalization by using PSM-DID. The results show that de-globalization has a significant inhibiting effect on the quality of China's manufacturing industry， which reduces the influence of high-quality imported intermediate inputs on the quality of China's manufacturing industry. The impact of high-quality imported intermediate inputs on the high-quality development of China's manufacturing industry is weakened through the channels of industry openness and human capital. R&D has a significant promoting effect on the quality of manufacturing industry， while the scale of imported intermediate inputs， the scale of industry and the amount of human capital have an inhibiting effect on the quality of manufacturing industry. Foreign direct investment has no significant effect on the quality of manufacturing industry.

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Research on the Influencing Factors of Public Corruption Perception: Based on a Moderated Mediation Model

WANG Gang， LIU Yao

2022, 24 (1): 62-69. DOI: 10.15936/j.cnki.1008-3758.2022.01.008

Abstract ( 275 )

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Public corruption perception is affected by multiple factors such as culture， performance， and systems， but existing studies have neglected the internal relationship between different influencing factors. To this end， using the CGSS data in 2015， this paper， by constructing a moderated mediation model， explores the influencing factors of public corruption perception and further explains the internal relationship between different influencing factors. The results show that social capital has a significant negative impact on public corruption perception. Public service satisfaction plays a mediating role in the relationship between social capital and public corruption perception. The rule of law plays a negative moderating role in the relationship between public service satisfaction and public corruption perception. Therefore， in the process of combating corruption and building a clean government， we should focus on cultivating social capital， enhancing public service performance， and improving the level of the rule of law in order to improve public corruption perception.

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Study on Type Difference of “the Old Floating People” and Its Influencing Factors: Based on the Two-dimensional Framework of “Cognition-Behaviour”

ZHONG Renyao， SUN Xin

2022, 24 (1): 70-78. DOI: 10.15936/j.cnki.1008-3758.2022.01.009

Abstract ( 280 )

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As an important part of the floating population， classifying “the old floating people” is an important way to realize public governance. “The old floating people” are divided into four categories according to the two-dimension framework of “cognition-behaviour”， namely “complete identification type”， “continuing identification type”， “identification constraint type” and “identification failure type”. Applying to 2017 national floating population health and family planning dynamic monitoring survey data， the paper analyzes type difference of “the old floating people” and its influcencing factors. The research results show that the proportions of “complete identification type” and “continuing identification type” are relatively high， while those of “identification constraint type” and “identification failure type” are relatively low. “Continuing identification type” is mainly affected by family endowment. “Identification constraint type” and “identification failure type” are mainly affected by the joint impact of individual endowment and family endowment， and social endowment plays an important role in the four types of “the old floating people”. The transformation from “identification failure type” to “complete identification type” has two paths: internally driven and externally driven. Therefore， it is necessary to follow the strategy of differentiation in the governance of “the old floating people”.

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Research on End-of-Life Living Arrangements and Health Among Older Adults in Rural China: Evidence from the 1998-2014 CLHLS

LI Man

2022, 24 (1): 79-87. DOI: 10.15936/j.cnki.1008-3758.2022.01.010

Abstract ( 224 )

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This paper uses data from the 1998-2014 waves of the Chinese Longitudinal Health Longevity Survey(CLHLS) and studies the association between living arrangements and health amang older adults in rural China at the end of their lives. It is found in the study that over three quarters of rural older adults live with their children/grandchildren or transfer to co-reside with their children/grandchildren at the end of their lives. Older adults without a spouse， and with activitis of daily living(ADL) impairment or cognitive impairment are more likely to move to live with their children/grandchildren before they die， while only some of those with a spouse move to live with their children/grandchildren. Older adults without a spouse in better physical conditions are more likely to live alone before they die， but the risk of death during the same period is greatly increased. The paper suggests that considering the impact of the living arrangements and health of older adults at the end of their lives， the rural areas should develop hospice care that emphasizes on family support， and at the same time pay attention to the development of formal hospice care such as hospice care provided by institutions.

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Research on the Evaluation Index System of Smart Elderly Care

ZHAO Geng， ZHAO Meng

2022, 24 (1): 88-94. DOI: 10.15936/j.cnki.1008-3758.2022.01.011

Abstract ( 430 )

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In the context of the rapid aging pressure of the elderly care system， smart elderly care conforms to the national strategic development while facing an important period of opportunities. As an emerging elderly care service model， it faces multiple opportunities and challenges， and its research perspective should not be limited to the industrial form， enterprise organizational form or put under the elderly service model. It is imperative to construct an evaluation index system for smart elderly care. This paper draws on input-output and industrial chain theory， and uses the analytic hierarchy process to calculate the index weights and construct a three-level smart elderly care evaluation index system consisting of “hardware manufacturing， service content， service mode and infrastructure”. The index system has comprehensive data and hierarchical characteristics， which fully reflects the connotation of smart elderly care. In this way， we can find ways to improve the quality and efficiency of smart elderly care services.

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Reconstruction of the Structure of Classified Protection in the “Serious Circumstances” of the Crime of Infringing on Citizens' Personal Information

HUANG Chenchen

2022, 24 (1): 95-103. DOI: 10.15936/j.cnki.1008-3758.2022.01.012

Abstract ( 237 )

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Judicial interpretation divides the personal information into three levels according to the necessity and urgency of criminal law protection， and sets the threshold of different levels， which forms a classified protection mode of citizens' personal information. This mode can most directly reflect the degree of harmfulness of behavior and the protection of different types of information by criminal law， but it also has disadvantages， such as the narrow scope of the first level elements， the single identification standard of the second level， and the lack of behavior types of the third level. Therefore， the current classified protection system should be adjusted and improved. Specifically， “biometric information” and “sex related information” should be added to the first level， the identification criteria of second level should be extended to “may lead to discrimination against individuals”， and common information types such as personal contact information， personal experience information， and network association information should be added. Set the information quantity standard of “more than 50000 items” for Article 6 of the Interpretation of Several Issues Concerning the Application of Law in the Handling of Criminal Cases of Infringing on Citizens' Personal Information， so that it can be included in the classified protection system as the fourth level.

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The Assessment of Privacy and Data Protection Within the Anti-monopoly Law

WANG Yuting

2022, 24 (1): 104-111. DOI: 10.15936/j.cnki.1008-3758.2022.01.013

Abstract ( 292 )

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Given the competitive importance and personality of personal data， the intersection of privacy protection and regulation of anti-competitive practices has become a contentious issue in recent years. In the digital economy， the level of privacy and data protection is an important non-price competition factor. The reduction of privacy and data protection may give rise to competition damage and harm consumer welfare. As a result， it has theoretical and legal bases to apply the anti-monopoly law to analyse and assess the level of privacy and data protection. When assessing privacy and data protection within the anti-monopoly law， the attitudes of consumers to privacy and data protection should be analysed seriously. Whether operators compete with each other on the level of privacy and data protection they offer should also be given proper consideration. Privacy and data protection rules should be internalised within the anti-monopoly analysis framework and referred to as criteria for the assessment of relevant conducts.

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Response to Food Sci-tech Risks: Ideas， Tools and Approaches

YU Han

2022, 24 (1): 112-120. DOI: 10.15936/j.cnki.1008-3758.2022.01.014

Abstract ( 253 )

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The development of food sci-tech is intended to improve the quality and quantity of food， but potential food safety risks are gradually offsetting its positive effects. The assumption of risk， which can effectively disperse risks that cannot be reduced to zero， has gradually penetrated into the existing legal order and seems to be a possible attempt to solve this problem. However， it also faces such problems as the unquantifiability of health damage and the asymmetry of risk decision makers and bearers， etc. In order to realize the assumption of risk as the rule of law for food sci-tech risk tools， it is necessary to break down the sectoral legal barriers between tort law and administrative law， and systematically integrate them with a positive risk view. On the one hand， it should emphasize the presence of the state and build a filtering mechanism based on risk assessment and value balance. On the other hand， by guaranteeing the public's right to participate， the right to know， and the right to choose， spillover risks are dispersed to individuals to achieve “internalization” of risks.

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Analysis of the Spiritual Dimension of Chinese University Motto

SUN Lei

2022, 24 (1): 121-126. DOI: 10.15936/j.cnki.1008-3758.2022.01.015

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The university motto brings together university culture and university spirit. University culture and university spirit live in the university motto， and evolve into an image which has a sense without a form. Such an image can be regarded as the spiritual dimension of the university motto. The birth of the university motto has a long history. The philosophical wisdom contained in the university motto can inspire the wisdom of the people. Literature and history share the same origin， and university motto and literature complement each other. The externalization of cultural taste promotes the development of aesthetic taste， which confirms that the spiritual dimension of university motto contains cultural attributes. Therefore， the spiritual dimension of the university motto is naturally related to Chinese philosophy， history， literature and aesthetics. This paper tries to analyze the four spiritual dimensions of the Chinese university motto， i.e. the length of history， the depth of philosophy， the temperature of literature and the thickness of aesthetics， to explore the positive effects of the Chinese university motto on the contemporary university culture， the construction of university spirit and the promotion of the all-round development of human beings.

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Dynamic Capacity Dilemma and Optimization Strategies in the Construction of First-class Disciplines

CHEN Liangyu， FENG Xiaofan

2022, 24 (1): 127-133. DOI: 10.15936/j.cnki.1008-3758.2022.01.016

Abstract ( 209 )

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In the construction of first-class disciplines， dynamic capabilities are manifested as the quality and ability adapted to changes in the external enviroment of the government， universities and other entities to identify and manage discipline development opportunities and optimize the allocation of relevant discipline resources in order to maintain the continuous competitive advantage of first-class disciplines. The functional positioning of dynamic capabilities for the construction of first-class disciplines is mainly manifested in such aspects as promoting the growth of disciplines， maintaining discipline ecology， and strengthening discipline responsiveness， etc. However， from the actual situation， there are still dynamic capacity dilemmas in the process of China's first-class discipline construction in terms of opportunity management， resource allocation， characteristic formation， and innovation response， which restricts the environmental adaptability of first-class discipline construction. Therefore， innovating the discipline organization model， optimizing the discipline ecosystem， highlighting the cultivation of characteristic disciplines， and reconstructing the discipline response model are optimization strategies for the construction of first-class disciplines from the perspective of dynamic capabilities.

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On the Integration， Development and Utilization of History Resources of the CPC: Taking Liaoshen Area as an Example

CHU Qingsong， MA Chunyang

2022, 24 (1): 134-141. DOI: 10.15936/j.cnki.1008-3758.2022.01.017

Abstract ( 229 )

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The development and utilization of history resources of the CPC is of great and far-reaching significance for the study and education of the CPC's history. Some areas with rich history resources of the CPC have made some achievements in the development and application of history resources of the CPC. Liaoshen area is rich in history resources of the CPC and has obvious characteristics. The development of history resources of the CPC in Liaoshen area has achieved some results in leading the construction of education bases of the CPC's history and building education lines of the CPC's history. However， there are still many problems， such as obvious scattered distribution， insufficient line system planning， low popularity， insufficient experience participation， insufficient marketization， and insufficient supporting excavation. The development and utilization of history resources of the CPC in Liaoshen area should start from the following aspects: three-dimensional development of history resources of the CPC， thematic construction of history resources， education branding of history resources of the CPC， specialization of products of history resources of the CPC， integrated systematization of history resources of the CPC， operational marketization of history resources of the CPC.

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The Event Dimension of Art: Focusing on the Expansion of the Definition of Art

CHEN Han

2022, 24 (1): 142-150. DOI: 10.15936/j.cnki.1008-3758.2022.01.018

Abstract ( 211 )

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“Event” as a current notion is of great significance to the contemporary study of philosophy and sociology. In recent years， an inevitable trend for research field of literary and art is that “event” starts to refer to the instability of the nascence and evolution of text/artwork in time and space. The theory of art which relies on material structure is unable to deal with some crucial problems like how to give the definition and evaluation of art a response because of theatricalization， relationalization and contextualization in contemporary art's high performativity. Therefore， new territories desperately need to be pioneered for “events” as an analytical tool in the study of art， which means such amelioration can reveal the level of events that have been hidden for a long time， and can also crystalize a fundamental concept simultaneously，that is to say， the foundation of integrating various media， actions， concepts， and situations under the name of “art” is the unity of eventness and materiality in art. The expansion of the definition of art in the event dimension facilitates a new round of remodeling of perspectives and methods in the study of art.

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