1 800 MPa级以上高强钢的研究现状

doi:10.12068/j.issn.1005-3026.2025.20250006

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

高强钢因其性能优势与成本效益，在现代工业中占据重要地位.聚焦其发展趋势与技术挑战，重点分析低合金马氏体钢、淬火-配分(Q&P)马氏体钢和马氏体时效钢这3类抗拉强度超1 800 MPa、塑韧性优异的马氏体基结构钢.低合金马氏体钢经热处理后得到回火马氏体钢，通过调整合金成分和工艺实现强韧性平衡.淬火-配分马氏体钢含富碳奥氏体，变形时通过相变提升强度和塑性.马氏体时效钢碳含量极低，依赖时效析出强化，韧性优于同强度碳强化钢.系统总结了上述高强钢在成分设计、制造工艺以及力学性能等方面的研究进展.

关键词: 高强钢, 低合金马氏体钢, 热冲压钢, 淬火-配分马氏体钢, 马氏体时效钢

Abstract:

High-strength steel occupies an important position in modern industry because of its performance advantages and cost effectiveness. Focusing on its development trends and technical challenges， this paper mainly analyzed three types of martensitic steel with tensile strength exceeding 1 800 MPa and excellent plasticity and toughness， namely low-alloyed martensitic steel， quenching-partitioning （Q&P） martensitic steel， and martensitic aging steel. Low-alloyed martensitic steel was heated to obtain tempered martensitic steel， and the balance of strength and toughness was achieved by adjusting the alloying composition and process. Q&P martensitic steel contained carbon-rich austenite， which enhanced strength and plasticity through phase transformation during deformation. Martensitic aging steel with very low carbon content relied on aging for precipitation strengthening， and its toughness was superior to that of carbon-strengthened steel of the same strength. This paper systematically summarized the research progress in composition design， manufacturing process， and mechanical properties of the above-mentioned high-strength steel.

Key words: high-strength steel, low-alloyed martensitic steel, hot stamping steel, quenching-partitioning martensitic steel, martensitic aging steel

中图分类号:

TG 142.1

易红亮, 赵明辉, 王睿婷, 马彦琦. 1 800 MPa级以上高强钢的研究现状[J]. 东北大学学报（自然科学版）, 2025, 46(8): 77-92.

Hong-liang YI, Ming-hui ZHAO, Rui-ting WANG, Yan-qi MA. Current Status of Research on High-Strength Steel Above 1 800 MPa Grade[J]. Journal of Northeastern University(Natural Science), 2025, 46(8): 77-92.

图/表 15

表1 常见低合金超高强度钢的成分和力学性能[16-17]

Table 1 Composition and mechanical properties of common low-alloyed ultra-high strength steel [16-17]

钢号	合金成分	工艺	屈服强度/MPa	抗拉强度/MPa	延伸率/%
30CrMnSiNi2A	0.26~0.33C-0.9~1.2Si-1.0~1.3Mn- 0.9~1.2Cr-1.4~1.8Ni	900 ℃油淬+ 250 ℃回火	/	≥1 600	≥9
35Si2Mn2MoVA	0.32~0.38C-1.4~1.7Si-1.6~1.9Mn- 0.35~0.45Mo-0.1~0.2V	920 ℃油淬+ 250 ℃回火	/	≥1 700	≥9
4130	0.28~0.33C-0.2~0.35Si-0.4~0.6Mn- 0.8~1.1Cr-0.15~0.25Mo	860 ℃油淬+ 205 ℃回火	1 340	1 550	11
4140	0.38~0.43C-0.2~0.35Si-0.75~1.0Mn- 0.8~1.1Cr-0.15~0.25Mo	845 ℃油淬+ 205 ℃回火	1 740	1 965	11
4340	0.38C~0.43C-0.2~0.35Si-0.6~0.8Mn- 0.7~0.9Cr-1.65~2.0Ni-0.2~0.3Mo	845 ℃油淬+ 205 ℃回火	1 860	1 980	11
300M	0.41~0.46C-1.45~1.8Si-0.65~0.9Mn- 0.65~0.95Cr-1.6~2.0Ni-0.3~0.4Mo-≥0.05V	860 ℃油淬+ 260 ℃回火	1 670	2 050	8
D6AC	0.42~0.48C-0.15~0.3Si-0.6~0.9Mn- 0.8~1.05Cr-0.4~0.7Ni-0.9~1.1Mo-0.05~0.1V	880 ℃油淬+ 315 ℃回火	1 760	2 000	8
6150	0.48~0.53C-0.2~0.35Si-0.7~0.9Mn- 0.8~1.1Cr	860 ℃油淬+ 205 ℃回火	1 810	2 050	10
8640	0.38~0.43C-0.2~0.35Si-0.75~1.0Mn- 0.4~0.6Cr-0.4~0.7Ni-0.15~0.25Mo	820 ℃油淬+ 205 ℃回火	1 670	1 810	8

表2 1 800 MPa级以上热冲压钢的成分和力学性能[22-38]

Table 2 Composition and mechanical properties of hot stamping steel above 1 800 MPa grade [22-38]

序号	合金成分	屈服强度/MPa	抗拉强度/MPa	延伸率/%	参考文献
1	0.34C-0.25Si-1.34Mn-0.04Al-0.21V-0.04Ti-0.002B-0.24Cr	1 353	2 018	7.5	[22]
2	0.36C-0.22Si-1.31Mn-0.298Cr-0.005B-0.157Mo	1 421	2 061	7	[23]
3	0.31C-0.3Si-1.5Mn-0.03Al-1.0Cr-0.002B-0.07Ti-0.046Nb	1 321	2 183	5.7	[24]
4	0.38C-1.48Si-1.58Mn-0.035Al-0.91Cr-0.003 7B-0.07Ti-0.048Nb	1 119	2 121	8.86	[25]
5	0.354C-0.32Si-1.48Mn-0.05Al-0.042Ti-0.002 5B	1 301	2 046	6.6	[26]
6	0.38C-0.19Si-1.2Mn-0.28Cr-0.005Mo-0.005Ni-0.003B-0.024Ti	1 424	2 045	5.9	[27]
7	0.61C-1.5Cr-0.08Ni-0.05Ti-0.07Nb	1 940	2 400	10	[28]
8	0.66C-1.42Cr-0.4Si-0.42Mn-0.07V	2 367	2 613	7	[29]
9	0.46C-1.99Mn-1.53Si-1.27Cr-0.76Al-0.45Ni-0.3Mo-0.28V	1 809	2 590	12.6	[30]
10	0.28C-1.76Mn-0.35Si-4.4Ni-1.88Mo-0.02Al-0.06Ti-0.08Nb	1 487	2 032	6.53	[31]
11	0.38C-1.48Si-1.58Mn-0.035Al-0.9~1.0Cr-0.003~0.004 B-0.06~0.08Ti-0.04~0.05Nb	1 500	2 080	8.8	[32]^※
12	0.42C-0.19Si-0.80Mn-0.02Ni-1.16Cr-0.16Mo	1 540	2 068	12.1	[33]
13	0.56C-2.3Si-0.69Mn-0.89Cr-0.02Mo-0.1V-0.03Ti-0.2Ni-0.15Cu	2 038	2 382	8.8	[34]
14	0.4C-1.6Si-1.5Mn-1.4Cr-0.4Mo-0.3No-0.1W	1 520	2 100	/	[35]^※
15	0.48C-0.85Si-0.24Mn-0.63Cr-2.0Ni-0.42Mo-0.2V	1 720	2 441	10	[36] ^※
16	0.34C-0.32Si-1.39Mn-0.03Ti-0.0025B-0.11~0.3V	1 508	2 121	8	[37-38]

图1 2 000 MPa级纳米析出韧化热冲压钢的微观组织和力学性能[37-38]（a）—22MnB5和35MnB5V的工程应力-应变曲线；（b）—22MnB5和35MnB5V的三点弯曲载荷-角度曲线；（c）—35MnB5V板条马氏体透射电镜图像；（d）—35MnB5V纳米碳化物析出.

Fig.1 Microstructure and mechanical properties of 2 000 MPa nano-precipitated toughened hot stamping steel [37-38]

图2 Q&P钢热处理工艺路线图[43]注：Ac3为加热时转变为奥氏体的终了温度.

Fig.2 Roadmap of heat treatment process of Q&P steel [43]

表3 1 800 MPa级别及以上高碳Q&P钢的成分、工艺及力学性能[37,53-55] (grade[37,53-55])

Table 3 Composition, processes, and mechanical properties of high-carbon Q&P steel above 1 800 MPa

编号	合金成分的质量分数/%									工艺	力学性能		参考文献
编号	C	Mn	Si	Al	Cr	Ni	Nb	Mo	V	工艺	抗拉强度/MPa	延伸率/%	参考文献
1	0.41	1.3	1.27	—	0.56	1.01	—	—	—	Q&P	2 468	11.6	[53]
2	0.43	0.59	2.03	0.008	1.33	0.07	0.03	0.03	—	Q&P	1 810~2 096	12~20	[54]
3	0.43	0.59	2.6	0.008	1.33	0.01	0.03	0.03	—	Q&P	1 965~1 975	12~17	[54]
4	0.43	1.17	2.6	0.008	1.33	0.07	0.03	0.03	—	Q&P	1 837~2 218	14~22	[54]
5	0.42	0.59	2.6	—	1.33	—	0.03	0.03	—	Q&P	1 810~2 096	12~20	[55]
6	0.56	0.62	1.95	—	0.75	—	0.04	0.03	—	Q&P	2 100~2 251	16~22	[55]
7	0.56	1.36	1.88	—	1.36	—	0.04	0.03	—	Q&P	2 168~2 377	8~13	[55]
8	0.32	0.23	1.78	—	1.08	—	—	0.45	0.21	Q&FP	1 942	~10	[37]

表4 1 800 MPa级别及以上Q-P-T钢的成分、工艺及力学性能[57,61]

Table 4 Composition, processes, and mechanical properties of Q-P-T steel above 1 800 MPa grade [57,61]

参考

文献

图3 中锰Q&P钢热处理工艺路线图

Fig.3 Roadmap of heat treatment process of medium-manganese Q&P steel

图4 中锰钢低温回火材料微观组织及力学性能[63]（a）—淬火后板条马氏体与残余奥氏体组织；（b）—残余奥氏体的体积分数以及W-QT&P300和L-QT&P300过程不同阶段奥氏体中碳的质量分数；（c）—拉伸工程应力-应变曲线.

Fig.4 Microstructure and mechanical properties of low-temperature tempered medium-manganese steel[63]

图5 B-P钢微观组织及力学性能[68]（a）—晶界刻蚀得到原始奥氏体晶粒大小的光学显微镜图像；（b）—透射电镜暗场图像显示了B-P钢中厚度约为5 nm的薄膜状残余奥氏体和面心立方结构VC析出；（c）—拉伸工程应力-应变曲线.

Fig.5 Microstructure and mechanical properties of B-P steel[68]

图6 D&P钢微观组织及力学性能[70]注：ND为法向；RD为轧制方向；TD为横向.（a）—高位错密度的亚稳奥氏体-马氏体异质片层双相组织的三维电子背散射衍射图；（b）—组织结构特征及试样相对方向示意图；（c）—拉伸作用下沿RD和TD方向变形的工程应力-应变曲线.

Fig.6 Microstructure and mechanical properties of D&P steel[70]

图7 具有分级微观结构的2 GPa韧性钢微观组织及力学性能[71]（a）—母体奥氏体的局部区域，显示I型马氏体与纵向平行；（b）—母体奥氏体的局部区域，显示Ⅱ型马氏体与纵向倾斜45°；（c）和（d）—超细残余奥氏体的暗场成像；（e）—工程应力-应变曲线.

Fig.7 Microstructure and mechanical properties of 2 GPa ductile steel with hierarchical substructure[71]

表5 早期开发的18Ni系马氏体时效钢成分的质量分数和屈服强度[77]

Table 5 Composition mass fraction and yield strength of early developed 18Ni martensitic aging steel[77]

钢种	w(Ni)/%	w(Mo)/%	w(Co)/%	w(Ti)/%	w(Al)/%	屈服强度/MPa
18Ni(200)	18	3.3	8.5	0.2	0.1	1 400
18Ni(250)	18	5.0	8.5	0.4	0.1	1 700
18Ni(300)	18	5.0	9.0	0.7	0.1	2 000
18Ni(350)	18	4.2	12.5	1.6	0.1	2 400
18Ni(铸态)	17	4.6	10.0	0.3	0.1	1 650

图8 Ni(Al,Fe)B2相析出强化钢的力学性能和析出相与基体间的共格界面 [108]（a）—工程应力-应变曲线；（b）—Ni（Al，Fe） B2相与基体的共格关系.

Fig.8 Mechanical properties of Ni(Al,Fe) B2 precipitation strengthened steel and coherent interface between precipitates and matrix [108]

图9 Cu-NiAl复合析出强化钢的力学性能与不同析出的表征[114]（a）—应力-应变曲线及拉伸断口形貌；（b）—Cu-NiAl共析出的分布；（c）—碳化物分布.

Fig.9 Mechanical properties and characterization of different precipitates in Cu-NiAl composite precipitation-strengthened steel[114]

图10 Cu-NiAl系高导热模具钢与由碳化物析出和回火马氏体模具钢的导热性能和力学性能比较[118-119]注：HTCi（i=1，2，3）为不同配比的Cu-NiAl系高导热模具钢，CS1为普通回火马氏体模具钢对照组.（a）—TEM观察的组织形貌；（b）—导热系数对比；（c）—冲击韧性与维氏硬度值.

Fig.10 Comparison of thermal conductivity and mechanical properties of Cu-NiAl high thermal conductivity die steel and tempered martensitic die steel by carbide precipitation[118-119]

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