道路移动源PM2.5的单颗粒形貌及元素组分

doi:10.12068/j.issn.1005-3026.2025.20240158

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

机动车尾气排放及行驶过程中带动的扬尘污染等是气溶胶的重要组成部分，对环境和人体健康具有重要影响.为研究与机动车相关颗粒物的理化特征，在秦皇岛市车流量较大的主干路（点位Ⅰ）和距离主干路一定距离的校园内道路（点位Ⅱ）分别采集了气溶胶单颗粒样品，并应用带有能谱的扫描电子显微镜（SEM-EDX）分析了颗粒物的微观形貌及元素组分.结果表明，在车流量较大的点位Ⅰ，烟尘颗粒的粒子数分数为47.1%，远大于点位Ⅱ的27.1%，这主要来自机动车尾气；统计发现点位Ⅰ的球形飞灰颗粒在非碳质颗粒中的粒子数分数为8.0%，大于点位Ⅱ的2.5%，这可能来自机动车尾气；在所有不规则矿物颗粒中，2个点位富Si颗粒的粒子数分数最大（点位Ⅰ为51.8%；点位Ⅱ为62.1%），可能主要来自地表扬尘，但点位Ⅰ中Fe质颗粒的粒子数分数（13.4%）明显大于点位Ⅱ（6.3%），机动车制动器磨损产生的Fe质颗粒可能是大气中Fe的一个重要的来源.

关键词: 机动车, 单颗粒, 烟尘, 飞灰, Fe质颗粒

Abstract:

Exhaust emissions from motor vehicles and dust stirred up while driving are important components of aerosols， which have a significant impact on the environment and human health. To examine the physicochemical properties of particulate matter associated with motor vehicles， single particle samples of aerosols were collected from a main road with heavy traffic flow （point Ⅰ） and a campus road a certain distance away from the main road （point Ⅱ） in Qinhuangdao City. The morphology and elemental composition of the particles were analyzed by a scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy （SEM-EDX）. The results show that the particle number fraction of dust particles at point Ⅰ is 47.1%， much higher than that at point Ⅱ （27.1%）， which mainly comes from motor vehicles’ exhaust. The statistics show that the particle number fraction of spherical fly ash particles in the non-carbonaceous particles at point Ⅰ is 8.0%， which is higher than 2.5% at point Ⅱ， which may come from motor vehicles’ exhaust. Among all the irregular mineral particles， Si-rich particles at both points account for the largest particle number fraction （51.8% at point Ⅰ； 62.1% at point Ⅱ）， possibly indicating a source from surface dust. However， the particle number fraction of Fe-dominant particles at point Ⅰ （13.4%） is significantly higher than that at point Ⅱ （6.3%）. Fe-dominant particles produced by the wear of motor vehicles’ brakes may be an important source of Fe in the atmosphere.

Key words: motor vehicle, single particle, dust, fly ash, Fe-dominant particle

中图分类号:

X 513

周秀艳, 周辉, 高玉涛, 王文华. 道路移动源PM_2.5的单颗粒形貌及元素组分[J]. 东北大学学报（自然科学版）, 2025, 46(12): 132-140.

Xiu-yan ZHOU, Hui ZHOU, Yu-tao GAO, Wen-hua WANG. Morphology and Elemental Composition of PM_2.5 Single Particle from Road Mobile Sources[J]. Journal of Northeastern University(Natural Science), 2025, 46(12): 132-140.

图/表 6

参考文献 32

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采样点	样品编号	采样日期	采样时间	温度/℃	相对湿度/%	PM_2.5/(μg·m^-3)	气压/kPa
点位Ⅰ	A1	2023-10-09	16：30—19：30	16	73	24	101.8
	A2	2023-10-10	16：07—19：07	17	67	28	102.1
	A3	2023-10-11	16：30—19：30	18	68	46	102.1
点位Ⅱ	B1	2023-10-02	15：22—18：22	20	51	27	101.2
	B2	2023-10-03	15：07—19：07	22	56	24	101.0
	B3	2023-10-04	12：38—15：38	20	56	19	101.4
	B4	2023-10-05	12：00—15：55	17	34	8	101.9

采样点	样品编号	采样日期	采样时间	温度/℃	相对湿度/%	PM_2.5/(μg·m^-3)	气压/kPa
点位Ⅰ	A1	2023-10-09	16：30—19：30	16	73	24	101.8
	A2	2023-10-10	16：07—19：07	17	67	28	102.1
	A3	2023-10-11	16：30—19：30	18	68	46	102.1
点位Ⅱ	B1	2023-10-02	15：22—18：22	20	51	27	101.2
	B2	2023-10-03	15：07—19：07	22	56	24	101.0
	B3	2023-10-04	12：38—15：38	20	56	19	101.4
	B4	2023-10-05	12：00—15：55	17	34	8	101.9

采样点	样品编号	单颗粒数量	粒子数分数/%
采样点	样品编号	单颗粒数量	烟尘颗粒	有机颗粒	非碳质颗粒
点位Ⅰ	A1	258	55.4	12.0	32.6
	A2	260	47.3	15.8	37.0
	A3	223	38.6	18.8	42.6
点位Ⅱ	B1	101	20.8	17.8	61.4
	B2	163	28.2	18.4	53.4
	B3	164	28.7	17.1	54.3
	B4	230	30.9	14.8	54.3

采样点	样品编号	单颗粒数量	粒子数分数/%
采样点	样品编号	单颗粒数量	烟尘颗粒	有机颗粒	非碳质颗粒
点位Ⅰ	A1	258	55.4	12.0	32.6
	A2	260	47.3	15.8	37.0
	A3	223	38.6	18.8	42.6
点位Ⅱ	B1	101	20.8	17.8	61.4
	B2	163	28.2	18.4	53.4
	B3	164	28.7	17.1	54.3
	B4	230	30.9	14.8	54.3

颗粒类型		（质量分数平均值±标准差）/%		颗粒数		粒子数分数/%
颗粒类型		点位Ⅰ	点位Ⅱ	点位Ⅰ	点位Ⅱ	点位Ⅰ	点位Ⅱ
富Si	Si质	Si(84.3±10.5)	Si(90±7)	12	24	4.7	6.9
	Si+Al	Si(45.4±8.6), Al(25.8±6.9)	Si(41.9±7.7), Al(27.1±6.6)	71	128	28.1	36.7
	Si+Na	Si(37.9±10), Na(23.5±4.2)	Si(41.2±9.5), Na(24.8±4.6)	23	35	9.1	10.0
	Si+Ca	Si(31.5±7.5), Ca(20.9±3.7)	Si(34.7±6.2), Ca(23±5)	12	13	4.7	3.7
	Si+Mg	Si(33.7±4.7), Mg(23±3.9)	Si(35.8±10.7), Mg(26.2±9)	6	12	2.4	3.4
	Si+Fe	Si(36.3±14), Fe(18.7±4.6)	Si(35.3±7.8), Fe(29.9±4.5)	6	5	2.4	1.4
	Si+S	Si(24.4), S(17.9)	—	1	—	0.4	—
富Ca	Ca质	Ca(86.8±9.9)	Ca(82.3±9.4)	13	19	5.1	5.4
	Ca+Si	Ca(43.5±10), Si(23±5.3)	Ca(42.5±11.4), Si(23±5.7)	14	24	5.5	6.9
	Ca+Mg	Ca(36.4±10.8), Mg(33.5±10.7)	Ca(43.6±8.1), Mg(37.2±7.7)	10	5	4.0	1.4
	Ca+S	Ca(42.2±4.1), S(29.6±5.2)	Ca(53.4±7.6), S(37.6±4.6)	6	5	2.4	1.4
	Ca+其他	—	—	4	6	1.6	1.7