
东北大学学报(自然科学版) ›› 2026, Vol. 47 ›› Issue (1): 20-30.DOI: 10.12068/j.issn.1005-3026.2026.20250103
杨金柱1,2,3(
), 魏美1,2,3, 于琪1,2,3, 孙松1,2,3
收稿日期:2025-06-07
出版日期:2026-01-15
发布日期:2026-03-17
通讯作者:
杨金柱
作者简介:杨金柱(1979—),男,内蒙古通辽人,东北大学教授,博士生导师.
基金资助:
Jin-zhu YANG1,2,3(
), Mei WEI1,2,3, Qi YU1,2,3, Song SUN1,2,3
Received:2025-06-07
Online:2026-01-15
Published:2026-03-17
Contact:
Jin-zhu YANG
摘要:
医学图像分割是临床诊疗的重要技术基础,精准的医学图像分割有助于提升疾病诊断准确率与效率.深度学习方法在该领域取得了显著进展,然而,这类方法高度依赖人工标签数据,而高质量分割标签获取成本高,限制了其实际应用.半监督学习通过联合利用少量标签数据与大量无标签数据,有效缓解了标签匮乏问题.其中,均值教师(mean teacher,MT)是当前主流的半监督学习方法,其通过指数移动平均从无标签数据提取信息,提升模型精度与泛化性能,目前已被广泛应用于医学图像分割.本文对MT进行了深入综述,重点从一致性正则化、不确定性、注意力机制、多任务学习、辅助校正及模型变体等方面介绍其在医学图像分割领域的应用和改进.本文简要分析了MT方法的应用和改进趋势,罗列了医学图像分割中常见对比实验方法、数据集、MT骨干网络和评价指标.最后,讨论了MT在医学图像分割中面对的挑战和未来潜在的研究方向.
中图分类号:
杨金柱, 魏美, 于琪, 孙松. 均值教师方法在半监督医学图像分割中的应用[J]. 东北大学学报(自然科学版), 2026, 47(1): 20-30.
Jin-zhu YANG, Mei WEI, Qi YU, Song SUN. Application of Mean Teacher Method in Semi-supervised Medical Image Segmentation[J]. Journal of Northeastern University(Natural Science), 2026, 47(1): 20-30.
| 方法名称 | 主要内容及优势 |
|---|---|
| UA-MT[ | 通过不确定性感知机制提高分割性能的3D磁共振左心房分割方法 |
| DTC[ | 基于双任务一致性的分割框架,引入任务级正则化和几何约束,通过联合预测像素级分割图和基于几何的水平集表示来降低计算成本 |
| SASSNet[ | 基于形状感知的3D语义分割方法,设计同时预测语义分割图和符号距离图的多任务深度网络,充分利用像素级信息,结合几何形状约束,提升网络捕捉复杂形状的能力 |
| URPC [ | 用于鼻咽癌实体肿瘤靶区的分割框架,通过多尺度金字塔预测网络和不确定性校正模块,充分利用无标签数据中的丰富信息,降低对标签数据的需求 |
| CPS[ | 交叉伪标签监督的语义分割方法,在2个具有相同结构但不同初始化的分割网络之间施加一致性约束,利用伪标签相互监督,提高模型对无标签数据的利用效率 |
| ICT[ | 插值一致性算法,通过在无标签数据的插值上施加一致性约束,推动决策边界向低密度区域移动,减少过拟合并提高泛化能力 |
| MC-Net [ | 相互一致性左心房分割框架,通过强调无标签数据中的小分支或模糊边缘等挑战性区域,结合不确定性估计和循环伪标签方案实现相互一致性训练 |
| CCT[ | 交叉一致性训练语义分割方法.通过在编码器的输出上施加不同扰动,并强制主解码器与辅助解码器之间的预测一致性,增强模型对无标签数据的学习能力 |
| DAN[ | 设计分割网络和评估网络形成对抗训练机制,设置超参数优化模型权重,加快收敛速度 |
| SS-Net[ | 结合像素级平滑和类别间分离,提升模型对抗扰动输出一致性和模糊区域特征提取能力 |
| BCP[ | 通过双向复制粘贴操作混合标签和无标签图像来增强模型对无标签数据的分割能力 |
表1 基于MT方法改进的医学图像分割论文中常用的对比实验方法 (on MT improvement)
Table 1 Commonly used comparative experimental methods used in medical image segmentation papers based
| 方法名称 | 主要内容及优势 |
|---|---|
| UA-MT[ | 通过不确定性感知机制提高分割性能的3D磁共振左心房分割方法 |
| DTC[ | 基于双任务一致性的分割框架,引入任务级正则化和几何约束,通过联合预测像素级分割图和基于几何的水平集表示来降低计算成本 |
| SASSNet[ | 基于形状感知的3D语义分割方法,设计同时预测语义分割图和符号距离图的多任务深度网络,充分利用像素级信息,结合几何形状约束,提升网络捕捉复杂形状的能力 |
| URPC [ | 用于鼻咽癌实体肿瘤靶区的分割框架,通过多尺度金字塔预测网络和不确定性校正模块,充分利用无标签数据中的丰富信息,降低对标签数据的需求 |
| CPS[ | 交叉伪标签监督的语义分割方法,在2个具有相同结构但不同初始化的分割网络之间施加一致性约束,利用伪标签相互监督,提高模型对无标签数据的利用效率 |
| ICT[ | 插值一致性算法,通过在无标签数据的插值上施加一致性约束,推动决策边界向低密度区域移动,减少过拟合并提高泛化能力 |
| MC-Net [ | 相互一致性左心房分割框架,通过强调无标签数据中的小分支或模糊边缘等挑战性区域,结合不确定性估计和循环伪标签方案实现相互一致性训练 |
| CCT[ | 交叉一致性训练语义分割方法.通过在编码器的输出上施加不同扰动,并强制主解码器与辅助解码器之间的预测一致性,增强模型对无标签数据的学习能力 |
| DAN[ | 设计分割网络和评估网络形成对抗训练机制,设置超参数优化模型权重,加快收敛速度 |
| SS-Net[ | 结合像素级平滑和类别间分离,提升模型对抗扰动输出一致性和模糊区域特征提取能力 |
| BCP[ | 通过双向复制粘贴操作混合标签和无标签图像来增强模型对无标签数据的分割能力 |
| 方法名称 | 评价指标 | 标签数据数量 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dice/% | Jaccard/% | ASD | 95HD | labeled | unlabeled | |
| MT[ | 88.23 | 79.29 | 2.73 | 10.64 | 16 | 64 |
| UA-MT[ | 88.88 | 80.21 | 2.26 | 7.32 | 16 | 64 |
| 87.79 | 78.39 | 2.12 | 8.68 | 8 | 72 | |
| DTC[ | 89.42 | 80.98 | 2.10 | 7.32 | 16 | 64 |
| 87.51 | 78.17 | 2.36 | 8.23 | 8 | 72 | |
| SASSNet[ | 89.27 | 80.82 | 3.13 | 8.83 | 16 | 64 |
| 87.54 | 78.05 | 2.59 | 9.84 | 8 | 72 | |
| URPC[ | 86.92 | 77.03 | 2.28 | 11.13 | 8 | 72 |
| MC-Net[ | 90.34 | 82.48 | 1.77 | 6.00 | 16 | 64 |
| 87.62 | 78.25 | 1.82 | 10.03 | 8 | 72 | |
| CCT[ | 88.83 | 80.06 | 2.49 | 8.44 | 16 | 64 |
| DAN[ | 87.52 | 78.29 | 2.42 | 9.01 | 16 | 64 |
| SS-Net[ | 88.55 | 79.62 | 1.90 | 7.49 | 8 | 72 |
| BCP[ | 89.62 | 81.31 | 1.76 | 6.81 | 8 | 72 |
表2 常见半监督方法在2018 左心房分割挑战赛数据集上的性能评估 (Challenge dataset)
Table 2 Performance evaluation of common semi-supervised methods on 2018 Left Atrium Segmentation
| 方法名称 | 评价指标 | 标签数据数量 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dice/% | Jaccard/% | ASD | 95HD | labeled | unlabeled | |
| MT[ | 88.23 | 79.29 | 2.73 | 10.64 | 16 | 64 |
| UA-MT[ | 88.88 | 80.21 | 2.26 | 7.32 | 16 | 64 |
| 87.79 | 78.39 | 2.12 | 8.68 | 8 | 72 | |
| DTC[ | 89.42 | 80.98 | 2.10 | 7.32 | 16 | 64 |
| 87.51 | 78.17 | 2.36 | 8.23 | 8 | 72 | |
| SASSNet[ | 89.27 | 80.82 | 3.13 | 8.83 | 16 | 64 |
| 87.54 | 78.05 | 2.59 | 9.84 | 8 | 72 | |
| URPC[ | 86.92 | 77.03 | 2.28 | 11.13 | 8 | 72 |
| MC-Net[ | 90.34 | 82.48 | 1.77 | 6.00 | 16 | 64 |
| 87.62 | 78.25 | 1.82 | 10.03 | 8 | 72 | |
| CCT[ | 88.83 | 80.06 | 2.49 | 8.44 | 16 | 64 |
| DAN[ | 87.52 | 78.29 | 2.42 | 9.01 | 16 | 64 |
| SS-Net[ | 88.55 | 79.62 | 1.90 | 7.49 | 8 | 72 |
| BCP[ | 89.62 | 81.31 | 1.76 | 6.81 | 8 | 72 |
| 数据集名称 | 器官 | 模态 | 规模/张 | 数据集描述 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Spinal Cord Grey Matter Segmentation Challenge | 脊髓 | MRI | 80 | 脊髓T2加权MRI,用于脊柱椎体分割 http://cmictig.cs.ucl.ac.uk/niftyweb/ |
| 2018 Left Atrium Segmentation Challenge | 心脏 | MRI | 154 | 3D LGE-MRI完整心房扫描图像 https://www.cardiacatlas.org/atriaseg2018-challenge/ atria-seg-data/ |
Automatic Cardiac Diagnosis Challenge (ACDC) | 150 | 心脏图像及左、右心室和心肌的标签 http://acdc.creatis.insa-lyon.fr/ | ||
| MM-WHS 2017 | MRI,CT | 120 | 用于多模态全心分割 https://zmiclab.github.io/zxh/0/mmwhs/ | |
| CAMELYON16 | 细胞 | WSI | 400 | 用于乳腺癌淋巴结转移检测和病理分析 https://camelyon16.grand-challenge.org/ |
| MoNuSeg | 44 | 用于细胞核分割和病理图像分析 https://monuseg.grand-challenge.org/ | ||
| CRAG | 213 | 用于结直肠腺癌腺体和息肉分割 https://kddcup24.github.io/ | ||
| DSB2018 | 1 039 | 用于细胞核分割 https://www.kaggle.com/c/data-science-bowl-2018/data |
表3 常见医学图像分割数据集列表
Table 3 Lists of common medical image segmentation datasets
| 数据集名称 | 器官 | 模态 | 规模/张 | 数据集描述 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Spinal Cord Grey Matter Segmentation Challenge | 脊髓 | MRI | 80 | 脊髓T2加权MRI,用于脊柱椎体分割 http://cmictig.cs.ucl.ac.uk/niftyweb/ |
| 2018 Left Atrium Segmentation Challenge | 心脏 | MRI | 154 | 3D LGE-MRI完整心房扫描图像 https://www.cardiacatlas.org/atriaseg2018-challenge/ atria-seg-data/ |
Automatic Cardiac Diagnosis Challenge (ACDC) | 150 | 心脏图像及左、右心室和心肌的标签 http://acdc.creatis.insa-lyon.fr/ | ||
| MM-WHS 2017 | MRI,CT | 120 | 用于多模态全心分割 https://zmiclab.github.io/zxh/0/mmwhs/ | |
| CAMELYON16 | 细胞 | WSI | 400 | 用于乳腺癌淋巴结转移检测和病理分析 https://camelyon16.grand-challenge.org/ |
| MoNuSeg | 44 | 用于细胞核分割和病理图像分析 https://monuseg.grand-challenge.org/ | ||
| CRAG | 213 | 用于结直肠腺癌腺体和息肉分割 https://kddcup24.github.io/ | ||
| DSB2018 | 1 039 | 用于细胞核分割 https://www.kaggle.com/c/data-science-bowl-2018/data |
| 性能评价指标 | 定义 | 计算公式 | 取值范围 | 取值含义 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dice | 预测结果与真实值间的相似度 | [0,1] | 数值越大表明分割效果越好 | |
| Jaccard | 预测结果与真实值间的交并比 | |||
准确率 (Accuracy) | 分割结果预测正确的像素比例 | |||
召回率 (Recall) | 正类真实值样本正确预测比例 | |||
特异性 (Specificity) | 负类真实值样本正确预测比例 | |||
体积相似度 (VS) | 分割结果与真实值体积相似度 | |||
| Hausdorff距离 | 预测结果与真实值边界匹配程度 | [0, | 数值越小表明分割效果越好 | |
| ASD | 预测结果与真实值平均表面距离 |
表4 常见医学图像分割评价指标列表
Table 4 Lists of common performance metrics for medical image segmentation
| 性能评价指标 | 定义 | 计算公式 | 取值范围 | 取值含义 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dice | 预测结果与真实值间的相似度 | [0,1] | 数值越大表明分割效果越好 | |
| Jaccard | 预测结果与真实值间的交并比 | |||
准确率 (Accuracy) | 分割结果预测正确的像素比例 | |||
召回率 (Recall) | 正类真实值样本正确预测比例 | |||
特异性 (Specificity) | 负类真实值样本正确预测比例 | |||
体积相似度 (VS) | 分割结果与真实值体积相似度 | |||
| Hausdorff距离 | 预测结果与真实值边界匹配程度 | [0, | 数值越小表明分割效果越好 | |
| ASD | 预测结果与真实值平均表面距离 |
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