Properties and Hydration Mechanism of Lime-Based Slag‑Steel Slag Composite Cementitious Materials

doi:10.12068/j.issn.1005-3026.2024.10.012

Abstract

Abstract:

To analyze the properties and hydration mechanism of lime?based slag?steel slag composite cementitious materials， discussions are conducted on the mechanical properties and working performance of the composite cementitious materials with different steel slag and lime mass fraction. Furthermore， detection methods such as XRD are employed to explore the hydration mechanism of the composite cementitious materials. The research results indicate that the optimal steel slag content in lime?based slag?steel slag composite cementitious materials is 30%. The compressive strength is 32.3 MPa after 28 d of maintenance. The primary hydration products of the composite cementitious materials are C-（A）-S-H gel， hydrocalumite， Ca（OH）₂， and calcite， among which the interlocking C-（A）-S-H gel provides the primary compressive strength for the composite cementitious materials. When the steel slag content in the composite cementitious materials ranges from 20% to 30%， it does not significantly affect the formation of C-（A）-S-H gel in the cementitious materials and can promote the hydration of slag. An appropriate amount of steel slag exhibits a filling effect， reducing microcracks in the composite cementitious materials， making the matrix more compact， and enhancing the mechanical properties of the composite cementitious materials.

Key words: lime, slag?steel slag composite cementitious material, mechanical property, working performance, hydration mechanism

CLC Number:

TU 526

Ying WANG, Xiao-wei GU, Qing WANG, Xiao-chuan XU. Properties and Hydration Mechanism of Lime-Based Slag‑Steel Slag Composite Cementitious Materials[J]. Journal of Northeastern University(Natural Science), 2024, 45(10): 1459-1468.

Figures/Tables 19

Table 1 Chemical composition of the material （mass fraction）

材料	SiO₂	Al₂O₃	Fe₂O₃	MgO	CaO
钢渣	13.24	4.35	25.12	3.6	37.35
矿渣	34.50	17.70	1.03	6.01	34.00

Fig.1 XRD spectrum of raw materials

Fig.2 Particle size distribution of raw materials

Table2 Mix ratio of various materials in strength test of composite cementitious materials compressive

组号	石灰	钢渣	矿渣	水
T0	43.2	0	316.8	144
T1	43.2	36	280.8	144
T2	43.2	72	244.8	144
T3	43.2	108	208.8	144
T4	43.2	144	172.8	144
T5	54.0	108	198.0	144
T6	64.8	108	187.2	144

Fig.3 Test flow chart of lime?based slag?steel slag composite cementitious material

Fig.4 Compressive strength of composite cementitious materials with different steel slag mass fractions

Fig.5 Compressive strength of cementitious materials with different lime mass fractions

Fig.6 Effect of steel slag mass fraction on fluidity of composite cementitious materials

Fig.7 Effect of lime mass fraction on fluidity of composite cementitious materials

Fig.8 Effect of steel slag mass fraction on setting time of composite cementitious materials

Fig.9 Effect of lime mass fraction on setting time of composite cementitious materials

Fig.10 XRD spectra of composite cementitiousmaterials

Fig.11 FT-IR spectra of composite cementitiousmaterial

Fig.12 Thermal analysis of composite cementitiousmaterials with different steel slag mass fraction

Fig.13 SEM images of composite cementitious materials with different steel slag mass fraction

Fig.14 Ca（OH）2 in lime?based slag?steel slag composite cementitious materials

Fig.15 EDS spot scanning position of C-（A）-S-H gel in lime?based slag?steel slag composite cementitious materials

Table3 Mass fraction of main elements of C-（A）-S-H

位置	Ca	Si	Al	Mg	S
1	48.92	7.08	2.14	0.65	0.55
2	39.36	8.68	2.99	1.16	0.67
3	32.81	4.83	6.77	0.91	2.32

Fig.16 Hydration reaction mechanism of lime?based

References 28

1	Yang K H， Song J K， Song K I.Assessment of CO₂ reduction of alkali‑activated concrete［J］.Journal of Cleaner Production，2013，39：265-272.
2	Wang J， Wang J X， Huang Y，et al.Preparation of alkali‑activated slag‑fly ash‑metakaolin hydroceramics for immobilizing simulated sodium‑bearing waste［J］.Journal of the American Ceramic Society，2015，98（5）：1393-1399.
3	Davidovits J.Geopolymers and geopolymeric materials［J］.Journal of Thermal Analysis，1989，35（2）：429-441.
4	O’Connor J， Nguyen T B T， Honeyands T，et al.Production，characterisation，utilisation，and beneficial soil application of steel slag：a review［J］.Journal of Hazardous Materials，2021，419：126478.
5	Shi C H， Wang X C， Zhou S，et al.Mechanism，application，influencing factors and environmental benefit assessment of steel slag in removing pollutants from water：a review［J］.Journal of Water Process Engineering，2022，47：102666.
6	Han F H， Zhang Z Q.Properties of 5‑year‑old concrete containing steel slag powder［J］.Powder Technology，2018，334：27-35.
7	Muhmood L， Vitta S， Venkateswaran D.Cementitious and pozzolanic behavior of electric arc furnace steel slags［J］.Cement and Concrete Research，2009，39（2）：102-109.
8	崔孝炜，倪文，任超.钢渣矿渣基全固废胶凝材料的水化反应机理［J］，材料研究学报，2017，31（9）：687-694.
	Cui Xiao‑wei， Ni Wen， Ren Chao.Hydration reactionmechanism of slag‑based solid waste cementitious materials［J］.Journal of Materials Research，2017，31（9）：687-694.
9	李颖，吴保华，倪文，等.矿渣-钢渣-石膏体系早期水化反应中的协同作用［J］.东北大学学报（自然科学版），2020，41（4）：581-586.
	Li Ying， Wu Bao‑hua， Ni Wen，et al.Synergies in early hydration reaction of slag‑steel slag‑gypsum system［J］.Journal of Northeastern University （Natural Science），2020，41（4）：581-586.
10	Duan S Y， Liao H Q， Cheng F Q，et al.Investigation into the synergistic effects in hydrated gelling systems containing fly ash，desulfurization gypsum and steel slag［J］.Construction and Building Materials，2018，187：1113-1120.
11	Duan S Y， Liao H Q， Song H P，et al.Performance improvement to ash‑cement blocks by adding ultrafine steel slag collected from a supersonic steam‑jet smasher［J］.Construction and Building Materials，2019，212：140-148.
12	Zhao J H， Li Z H， Wang D M，et al.Hydration superposition effect and mechanism of steel slag powder and granulated blast furnace slag powder［J］.Construction and Building Materials，2023，366：130101.
13	Chen P， Ma B G， Tan H B，et al.Improving the mechanical property and water resistance of β‑hemihydrate phosphogypsum by incorporating ground blast‑furnace slag and steel slag［J］.Construction and Building Materials，2022，344：128265.
14	Wu M， Zhang Y S， Jia Y T，et al.Influence of sodium hydroxide on the performance and hydration of lime‑based low carbon cementitious materials［J］.Construction and Building Materials，2019，200：604-615.
15	Zhang W， Hao X S， Wei C，et al.Synergistic enhancement of converter steelmaking slag，blast furnace slag，bayer red mud in cementitious materials：strength，phase composition，and microstructure［J］.Journal of Building Engineering，2022，60：105177.
16	Zhang W， Liu X M， Zhang Z Q，et al.Synergic effects of circulating fluidized bed fly ash‑red mud‑blastfurnace slag in green cementitious materials：hydration products and environmental performance［J］.Journal of Building Engineering，2022，58：105007.
17	Matschei T， Lothenbach B， Glasser F P.The AFm phase in Portland cement［J］.Cement and Concrete Research，2007，37（2）：118-130.
18	曹伟达，杨全兵.碳化养护对钢渣-熟石灰固碳砖耐久性的影响［J］.建筑材料学报，2023，26（3）：324-331..
	Cao Wei‑da， Yang Quan‑bing.Effect on carbonization curing on durability of carbon fixing steel slag‑hydrated lime brick［J］.Journal of Building Materials，2023，26（3）：324-331.
19	An Q， Pan H M， Zhao Q X，et al.Strength development and microstructure of sustainable geopolymers made from alkali‑activated ground granulated blast‑furnace slag，calcium carbide residue，and red mud［J］.Construetion and Building Materials，2022，356：712-721.
20	徐东，倪文，汪群慧，等.碱渣复合胶凝材料制备无熟料混凝土［J］，哈尔滨工业大学学报，2020，52（8）：151-160.
	Xu Dong， Ni Wen， Wang Qun‑hui，et al.Preparation of non‑clinker concrete using alkaline residue composite cementitious materials［J］.Journal of Harbin Institute of Technology，2020，52（8）：151-160.
21	Guo W C， Zhao Q X， Sun Y J，et al.Effects of various curing methods on the compressive strength and microstructure of blast furnace slag‑fly ash‑based cementitious material activated by alkaline solid wastes［J］.Construction and Building Materials，2022，357：129397.
22	Lodeiro I G， Macphee D E， Palomo A，et al.Effect of alkalis on fresh C-S-H gels.FT-IR analysis［J］.Cement and Concrete Research，2009，39（3）：147-153.
23	Wu M， Zhang Y S， Jia Y T，et al.Effects of sodium sulfate on the hydration and properties of lime‑based low carbon cementitious materials［J］.Journal of Cleaner Production，2019，220：677-687.
24	Zhao W Y， Guo Q Q， Do X Q， et al.Impact response of steel‑concrete composite panels：experiments and FE analyses［J］.Steel and Composite Structures，2018，26（3）：255-263．
25	苏运辉，徐家兴，张立刚，等.偏高岭土对大掺量石灰石粉水泥抗氯离子渗透性能的影响［J］.铁道科学与工程学报，2023，20（10）：3779-3788.
	Su Yun‑hui， Xu Jia‑xing， Zhang Li‑gang，et al.Effect of metakaolin on the resistance to chloride ion permeability of cement with high‑volume of limestone powder［J］.Journal of Railway Science and Engineering，2023，20（10）：3779-3788.
26	倪文，李颖，许成文，等.矿渣-电炉还原渣全固废胶凝材料的水化机理［J］.中南大学学报（自然科学版），2019，50（10）：2342-2351.
	Ni Wen， Li Ying， Xu Cheng‑wen，et al.Hydration mechanism of blast furnace slag‑reduction slag based solid waste cementing materials［J］.Journal of Central South University （Science and Technology），2019，50（10）：2342-2351.
27	Vincent M， Sandrine‑Garid B， Isabelle D B.The influence of an ion‑exchange resin on the kinetics of hydration of tricalcium silicate［J］.Cement and Concrete Research，2010，40：1459-1464.
28	Taylor H F W， Turner A B.Reactions of tricalcium silicate paste with organic liquids［J］.Cement and Concrete Research，1987，17（4）：613-623.

[1]	WANG Hai-tao， LI Jia-dong， DENG Xiang-tao， WANG Zhao-dong. Effect of Solution Temperature on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Fe-20Mn-9Al-1.2C Low-Density Steel [J]. Journal of Northeastern University(Natural Science), 2023, 44(5): 609-616.
[2]	REN Zhao-hui， LI Zhu-hong， WANG Yun-he， ZHANG Zi-ting. Surface Mechanical Properties of Ultrasonic Rolling Micro-forging Additive Manufactured Parts [J]. Journal of Northeastern University(Natural Science), 2023, 44(5): 634-641.
[3]	MAO Ning， NIU Hui-rong， LIU Jing-xian. Experimental Study on Acid Resistance Characteristics of Polyaromatic Oxadiazole Fiber [J]. Journal of Northeastern University(Natural Science), 2023, 44(5): 719-725.
[4]	WU Guan-qing， WEI Jin， YUE Xia-bing， YIN Zeng-liang. Deformation Characteristics and Vertical Earth Pressure Calculation of Low Fill Steel Corrugated Pipe Culverts [J]. Journal of Northeastern University(Natural Science), 2022, 43(9): 1337-1345.
[5]	TIAN Ni ， ZHANG Yao-zhong， ZHOU Yi-ran， QIN Guang-hua. Effect of Zr Addition on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Al-10Zn-2.5Mg-1.6Cu Alloy Sheet [J]. Journal of Northeastern University(Natural Science), 2022, 43(7): 951-958.
[6]	ZHAO Yu-hui ， GAO Meng-qiu ， ZHAO Ji-bin ， HE Chen. Microstructure and Properties of WC Particles Reinforced 316L Stainless Steel Composites Prepared by Additive and Subtractive Manufacturing [J]. Journal of Northeastern University(Natural Science), 2022, 43(2): 197-205.
[7]	ZHU Cheng-lin， GAO Xiu-hua， WANG Ming-ming， SONG Li-ying. Effect of Quenching Temperature on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of 12Cr14Ni2 Stainless Structural Steel [J]. Journal of Northeastern University(Natural Science), 2021, 42(6): 781-788.
[8]	DONG Shuo， SHA Song， MENG Shi-qian， RONG Guan. Experimental Investigation of Mechanical Properties of Three Types of High Temperature Rocks After Liquid Nitrogen Cooling [J]. Journal of Northeastern University(Natural Science), 2021, 42(11): 1591-1599.
[9]	BAO Jun-feng， YU Yue-guang， JIA Cheng-chang. Effects of ZrO₂ Addition Amount on Microstructure and Mechanical Property of WC-6Co Prepared by Spark Plasma Sintering [J]. Journal of Northeastern University(Natural Science), 2021, 42(1): 43-48.
[10]	WANG Ming-ming， GAO Xiu-hua， DU Lin-xiu， ZHANG Da-zheng. Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of V-N Microalloyed X80 High Deformability Pipeline Steel [J]. Journal of Northeastern University Natural Science, 2020, 41(6): 801-806.
[11]	CHEN Meng， LIU Yang-bo， TAO Yun-xiao， WANG Hao. Experimental Study on Properties of Recycled Tyre Polymer Fiber Reinforced Concrete [J]. Journal of Northeastern University Natural Science, 2020, 41(6): 870-874.
[12]	ZHANG Zhi-qiang， HE Chang-shu， ZHAO Su， ZHAO Xiang. Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of the Stirred Zone of Ultrasonic Assisted Friction Stir Welded Joint of 7075-T6 Alloy [J]. Journal of Northeastern University Natural Science, 2020, 41(12): 1708-1714.
[13]	YU Tian-biao， ZHAO Yu， BI Xiao-xi， CHEN Ya-dong. Effect of Porous Structure on Mechanical Properties of Vero White Photosensitive Resin [J]. Journal of Northeastern University Natural Science, 2019, 40(6): 852-856.
[14]	HUANG Hui-qiang， DI Hong-shuang， ZHANG Tian-yu， YAN Ning. Effect of Intercritical Annealing Temperature on Microstructure and Mechanical Property of High Al-Low Si TRIP Steel [J]. Journal of Northeastern University Natural Science, 2019, 40(12): 1700-1706.
[15]	HUANG Wen-tao， GONG En-pu， ZHANG Yong-li， MIAO Zhuo-wei. Oncoids and Its Significance from the Base of Huanglong Formation in Langping， Guangxi [J]. Journal of Northeastern University Natural Science, 2019, 40(11): 1606-1610.