Abstract: The influence of the specialization of industry structure, the diversity of industry structure and the structure of competition on the regional innovation performance was analyzed. The results of empirical study showed that the specialization of regional industry structure is conducive to enhancing the innovation performance. On the whole, the impact of diversity is very restricted, but the competition is not conductive to the innovation. In the core innovation zone, the regional specialization and the diversity of industry structure are both conducive to improving the innovation performance, but the competition is not. In outlying areas, the specialization of industry structure and the competition are both conducive to enhancing regional innovation performance, but the diversity of industry structure is not.