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15 January 2006, Volume 27 Issue 1 Previous Issue    Next Issue
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Power pricing algorithm based on incentive Stackelberg strategy Wang, Qing-Li (1); Wang, Dan (1); Jing, Yuan-Wei (1); Zhang, Si-Ying (1) 2006, 27 (1):  1-4.  DOI: - Abstract ( 251 )   HTML   PDF (1136KB) ( 650 )   Discusses the pricing problem on power market. The concept of incentive Stackelberg strategy was introduced into the model of a simplified power market system that comprises subsidiary systems of users and power system networks. The utility maximization of users is considered to determine dynamically the new power price on a rationally developing power market. The algorithm taking account of incentive strategy is more reasonable than that just splitting the bill as in the past. A linear strategy and two nonlinear strategies were proposed to the power pricing problem according to both the output capacity of Power Company and demand of users. Some numerical simulations were carried out for the linear strategy and two nonlinear strategies via MATLAB, thus illustrating the effectiveness and practicability of the proposed algorithm. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Robust direct adaptive fuzzy control algorithm Zhang, Ming-Jun (1); Zhang, Hua-Guang (1) 2006, 27 (1):  5-8.  DOI: - Abstract ( 241 )   HTML   PDF (176KB) ( 1105 )   A robust direct adaptive fuzzy control scheme is proposed for a class of nonlinear systems with uncertainty. In this scheme, the equivalent control term is approximated by a fuzzy model, i.e., the generalized fuzzy hyperbolic model (GFHM). Then, a robust compensation term is developed in form of hyperbolic tangent function to obtain a smooth control input without chattering phenomena. On conditions that the control gain of the system is known, partly known and unknown, it is proved by Lyapunov that the proposed control scheme can guarantee that the tracking errors converges at the small neighborhood of origin and that all variables involved are uniformly bounded. A simulation example is provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control algorithm. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Framework and key technologies of autonomous soccer-robot vision system Duan, Yong (1); Xu, Xin-He (1) 2006, 27 (1):  9-12.  DOI: - Abstract ( 321 )   HTML   PDF (127KB) ( 1136 )   The system structure of a multi-processor embedded autonomous soccer-robot and relevant framework of vision system are proposed. The key technologies of single camera vision system are analyzed in detail, including the color image segmentation, algorithms for searching objects, object localization and robot self-localization. The objects are segmented on the basis of YUV color space. Moreover, the objects are searched by way of merging the connexity regions. The linearity model of camera is utilized to locate the spatial position of objects. The experiment results showed that the image objects can be found accurately real-time and that the newly developed algorithm can robustly and quickly search image objects and acquire the comparatively accurate information on their positions and robot self-localization. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Genetic neural network and its application in robot error compensation Wang, Dong-Shu (1); Chi, Jian-Nan (1); Xu, Fang (2); Xu, Xin-He (1) 2006, 27 (1):  13-16.  DOI: - Abstract ( 305 )   HTML   PDF (888KB) ( 681 )   For the pose error analysis of a polishing robot, on the basis of Vittorio granularity coding method, an improved genetic neural BP network combining binary with real-value coding is proposed with the network architecture and weight vectors optimized. Introducing the binary coding in network architecture to keep the virtues of Vittorio granularity encoding, real-value coding with connecting weighting coefficients, Solis and Wets operation is carried out to bring the virtues of evolutionary programming and evolutionary strategy to the new genetic algorithm. In addition, the combination of genetic algorithm with progeny generated by Solis and Wets operation and optimized individual selection make the genetic search space more diverse to accelerate the genetic algorithm's convergence, with the dynamic parameter coding used instead of Vittorio granularity coding. Optimization of connecting weighting coefficient will be more accurate, and the sharply discontinuous change of adaptability due to Vittorio granularity change can be avoided. Simulation and experimental results indicate that this algorithm can eliminate genetic algorithm's premature convergence and improve effectively the robot pose accuracy. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Optimization of award of bid for a class of construction projects Zhou, Wei (1); Zhang, Ze (1); Wang, Hai-Yan (1); Zhang, Shu-Hong (1) 2006, 27 (1):  17-20.  DOI: - Abstract ( 400 )   HTML   PDF (1074KB) ( 722 )   A new approach to the optimization based on genetic algorithm for the process of award of bid without bottom bidding is proposed for a class of construction projects to which the construction period is strictly needed. Taking 'market price' and 'reasonably shortest construction period' as objectives, a 0-1 integer programming model was set up and put into practice in the process of the award of bid for the construction of a class-room building. The results revealed that this approach can realize weighting procedure and quantification in accordance to what the bid inviter required for bidder' qualification, technological level and the business structure of their bidding prices, thus making the process of award of bid more scientific and objective so as to improve the efficiency of utilization of funds and lower the unnecessary disturbance. Meanwhile, by use of the genetic algorithm with fuzzy decision embedded in, the discontinuous differentiable objective function in a model can be solved though it is hard to solve by way of conventional mathematical programming. The optimization of the process of award of bid without bottom bidding is therefore available to construction projects. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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QoS unicast routing algorithm based on particle swarm optimization in NGI Wang, Xing-Wei (1); Wang, Jun-Wei (1); Wu, Tie-Yan (3); Huang, Min (1) 2006, 27 (1):  21-24.  DOI: - Abstract ( 269 )   HTML   PDF (245KB) ( 645 )   Taking the characteristics of multi-constrained QoS (Quality of Service) routing in NGI (Next Generation Internet) into account, a unicast QoS routing algorithm based on PSO (Particle Swarm Optimization) is presented. The corresponding model and its mathematical description are introduced. With the fuzzy QoS parameters considered, such as bandwidth, delay, delay-jitter and error rate, the route with satisfied QoS is found on the basis of the proposed algorithm. Simulation and performance evaluation are conducted on several actual and virtual network topologies. The results showed that the proposed algorithm was both feasible and effective. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Mobile-agent-based hierarchical network management model Zheng, Hong-Fang (1); Guo, Feng (1); Yuan, Zeng-Qiang (1); Wang, Guang-Xing (1) 2006, 27 (1):  25-28.  DOI: - Abstract ( 282 )   HTML   PDF (216KB) ( 463 )   A mobile-agent-based hierarchical network management model is presented to get rid of the shortcomings of conventional SNMP centralized network management. Integrating the technology of mobile agent into the model, a concept of intermediate mobile manager is proposed to solve the problems of over-occupied network resource and poor dynamic extensibility, thus improving the efficiency of network management. Its construction and work procedure are illustrated and compared with those of the conventional SNMP. A conclusion is drawn that this model has such advantages as less bandwidth occupied and higher flexibility than the conventional one, as proved via simulation and comparative analysis. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of subband decomposition to ESPRIT algorithm Xue, Yan-Bo (1); Wang, Jin-Kuan (1); Liu, Zhi-Gang (1) 2006, 27 (1):  29-32.  DOI: - Abstract ( 229 )   HTML   PDF (1207KB) ( 482 )   ESPRIT algorithm is a direct DOA estimation method, of which the performance degrades greatly if the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is low and signals correlate with each other. A multi-resolution algorithm for DOA estimation is therefore presented, namely the subband-based ESPRIT algorithm (SB-ESPRIT), which takes advantage of the subband decomposition of fullband signals then estimates the subband DOAs via ESPRIT method. A mapping-back manipulation is used to map the estimated subband spatial frequencies onto the fullband ones. The rotational invariance of the subband signals is also proven. Simulation results showed that SB-ESPRIT will not only improve the resolution of eigenstructure-based method but also decouple the coherent signals if the subbands are properly decomposed. The root mean square error (RMSE) of SB-ESPRIT is also lower than that of ESPRIT. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Analytical study on retrieving strategy in case-based reasoning system Huang, Yu-Ji (1); Wei, Wei-Jie (1); Zeng, Wen (2) 2006, 27 (1):  33-36.  DOI: - Abstract ( 238 )   HTML   PDF (177KB) ( 830 )   Discusses the role of case-based reasoning (CBR) in artificial intelligence systems and some commonly used CBR algorithms. Then, the efficiency of CBR systems is emphatically studied. A new retrieval algorithm L and NCBR combining the nearest-neighbor algorithm with hierarchical retrieval algorithm is designed aiming at the crucial problem of case-based reasoning system. In addition, the efficiency of the algorithm under both accurate and inaccurate conditions is discussed as well as the running result of the L and NCBR-based intelligent system. The result showed that the strategy can improve the stability of the system and efficiency of retrieval. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Improvement and performance analysis of call handover procedure in micro-cell systems Zhang, Zhen-Chuan (1); Zhi, Run (1); Zhang, Yan-Feng (1); Li, Zhe (1) 2006, 27 (1):  37-40.  DOI: - Abstract ( 180 )   HTML   PDF (157KB) ( 391 )   In micro-cell and micro-cell environment for 3G mobile communication, the probability of call handover dropping due to mobile users or congestion of new calls becomes an important parameter that determines the QoS of the system. Although there are some schemes available to improve the performance of call handover, they will all be done at the expense of sacrificing new calls. To resolve effectively the contradiction between call handover dropping and congestion of new calls, a new call admission scheme is proposed on the basis of the existing fractional guard channel scheme with the congestion of new calls taken into account. Compared to the commonly used call admission scheme, it can improve well the performance of the system. The simulation on computer showed that it is satisfactory. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Texture evolvement of aluminum alloy 6111 during cold rolling Chen, Yang (1); Zhao, Gang (1); Liu, Chun-Ming (1); Zuo, Liang (1) 2006, 27 (1):  41-44.  DOI: - Abstract ( 279 )   HTML   PDF (797KB) ( 823 )   The texture evolvement of aluminum alloy 6111 and how the rolling schedule affects the texture during cold rolling were investigated by means of the orientation distribution function (ODF). The results showed that the texture of cold rolled sheet are mainly composed of copper, brass and S components. If the pass reduction and total reduction are both given in cold rolling process, the sheets have cube + ND45 orientation {001} <110> as the main texture component. But, if the rolling process goes on, the orientation intensity of cube + ND45 component decreased rapidly, whereas that of the normal deformation texture including, copper, brass and S components increase with the thinning sheet. In addition, the orientation intensities of the deformation components decrease with increasing percentage pass reduction under the condition that the total reduction remains unchanged. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Experimental study on capability of blast furnace slag containing alkali Wang, Cheng-Li (1); Lu, Qing (2); Gu, Lin-Na (3); Li, Fu-Min (1) 2006, 27 (1):  45-48.  DOI: - Abstract ( 367 )   HTML   PDF (211KB) ( 1159 )   The blast furnace slag of Guangzhou Iron and Steel Co. Ltd. contains alkali and TiO2. The viscosity, smelting temperature, desulphurizing capability of the slag were studied. The results revealed that the viscosity and smelting temperature are both lower than normal slag. Alkali has evident influence on the smelting characteristics of acidic slag. When the basicity increases, the influence decreases. Both the relationships between the characteristics of alkali-containing slag and its MgO content and Al2O3 content are almost the same to those between normal slag and them. Basicity has evident influence on desulphurizing capability of slag containing alkali. To acquire the suitable viscosity and smelting temperature and high desulphurizing capability under practical conditions, the slag composition should be kept in such a suitable range that K2O + Na2O is less than 0.9%, CaO/SiO2 0.96-1.06, Al2O3 less than 14%, and MgO 12%-15%. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Microstructure and properties of welded joints on Al-alloy sheets for high-speed train carriages Tian, Fu-Quan (1); Fu, Gao-Feng (1); Zhou, Chuan-Liang (2); Jiang, Lan (1) 2006, 27 (1):  49-52.  DOI: - Abstract ( 470 )   HTML   PDF (396KB) ( 680 )   The microstructure and mechanical properties of the joints welding domestic 7020 Al-alloy sheets together by use of metal inert gas (MIG) were investigated. It was found that the hardness distribution is symmetrical to the center line of welded joint, where is just the weakest zone of the whole joint to which the weld zone presents a typical dendritic casting structure. In the fusion zone, the columnar grains range in the direction of heat dissipation on one side of the joint and fine equiaxed grains on the other side. Fibrous processing marks remain in the heat-affected zone (HAZ) with part of precipitated solid phase solved into the base metal. Precipitate microstructure shows that the growth of precipitates is the main reason to soften the HAZ. The results showed that the tensile strength of the joints welding the 7020 Al-alloy sheets together exceeds the standard DIN EN288-4. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Removal of Ag+ in wastewater with chitosan as flocculation Zhang, Ting-An (1); Dou, Zhi-He (1) 2006, 27 (1):  53-56.  DOI: - Abstract ( 460 )   HTML   PDF (195KB) ( 1119 )   The way to remove Ag+ from wastewater using chitosan as flocculant was investigated including the effects of pH value, ion concentration of Ag+, flocculant dose and flocculating time on removal rate. Experimental results indicated that the suitable pH value varies from 7 to 8 with which the removal rate of Ag+ is 100% if the mass concentration of Ag+ is less than 20 mg/L in water. And the removal rate will be over 99.9% even if the mass concentration of Ag+ is very high. The optimal flocculating time is 4h by which the removal rate of Ag+ will still be 99.98%; Overmuch or insufficient dose of chitosan will affect the removal of Ag. The flocculation mechanism of using chitosan to remove Ag+ was further analyzed. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Grey level threshold used to extract fractal characteristic parameter of surface topography image Li, Ping (1); Zhang, Ting-An (2); Wang, Bing-Hong (3); Dou, Zhi-He (2) 2006, 27 (1):  57-60.  DOI: - Abstract ( 265 )   HTML   PDF (262KB) ( 801 )   Fractal dimension, as the characteristic parameter to describe surface topography, relates closely to the grey level threshold θ in the binarization of grey image. In the binarization process, the rationally selected binarization threshold θ* can characterize well the surface topography by way of extracting the fractal dimensions from the objects to investigate. It can be seen from some instances that there are the maximum and minimum thresholds θmax and θmin. When θ > θmax or θ < θmin, all the information obtained from binarization to calculate fractal dimensions will be in saturated state. With θmax and θmin taken into account, the empirical criterion θz.ast; can be got as the rationally selected one. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of adding anode mud obtained from zinc electrowinning on zinc sulphide leaching process Zhao, Yong (1); Jiang, Kai-Xi (2); Wang, De-Quan (1); Guo, Ya-Hui (3) 2006, 27 (1):  61-64.  DOI: - Abstract ( 301 )   HTML   PDF (108KB) ( 952 )   In the hot-acid leaching process of roasted zinc dust, the ferric ion obtained from ZnFe2O4 dissolution was used as oxidant to leach ZnS contained in the roasted dust. To improve the leaching efficiency, the effect of adding anode mud obtained from zinc electrowinning on zinc leaching was investigated, of which the leaching conditions including dose of anode mud, temperature, H2O4 concentration and reaction time were tested. The results indicated that MnO2 in the anode mud is favorable to the oxidation leaching of ZnS in roasted dust. The leaching efficiency of zinc will therefore increase from 94% to 97% if the Mn dose is 4% of roasted dust in anode mud under optimum conditions. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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C-W algorithm for vehicle routing problem of non-full loads with time windows Song, Wei-Gang (1); Zhang, Hong-Xia (1); Tong, Ling (1) 2006, 27 (1):  65-68.  DOI: - Abstract ( 392 )   HTML   PDF (182KB) ( 1743 )   Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP) as a common problem in the logistics distribution is also a typical NP-hard problem. On the basis of developing a mathematic model for VRP of non-full loads with time windows, the C-W (Clark-Wright) algorithm used in heuristic algorithm is improved with a new C-W algorithm proposed for the VRP of non-full loads with time windows. The performance of this algorithm is analyzed through two different computational examples involving 8 customers and 13 customers. The results showed the new C-W algorithm is easy to implement and readjust on computers with ideal computational results available. However, the precision of the solution will be reduced if the number of customers increases with increasing solution spaces. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Self-optimizing control of car's intellectual braking system and simulation Song, Gui-Qiu (1); Lu, Fang (1); Guo, Li-Xin (2) 2006, 27 (1):  69-71.  DOI: - Abstract ( 260 )   HTML   PDF (281KB) ( 720 )   Applies the self-optimizing control to the control strategy of ABS braking system and adds the braking pressure feedback to the system. The slipping rate change is thus controlled by way of controlling wheel speed and the double circuit of braking pressure. Simulation results prove that the approach to control is not only simple in algorithm but also able to recognize automatically the road surface change so as to provide the most suitable braking torque that serves the function intellectual braking. The shortcomings of conventional of logical thresholds, which were not based on systematic theories but on empirical trial and error and couldn't readjust quickly to respond to the change in road surface, are therefore overcome. The self-optimizing control is importance to improving the braking of various cars to ensure their driving safety. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Control strategy based on ADAMS mechanical model for vehicle's active suspension and simulation Yang, Ying (1); Liu, Gang (2); Zhao, Guang-Yao (1) 2006, 27 (1):  72-75.  DOI: - Abstract ( 329 )   HTML   PDF (427KB) ( 1054 )   The dynamic performance of suspension system directly affects rider's comfort and driving stability of vehicles. Suspension is developed with relevant dynamic expression given to the suspension system. Thus, the mechanical and control designs are both available to share the active suspension model of a virtual vehicle so as to make both compatible with each other. The self-adaptive fuzzy PID control strategy is introduced to the suspension control to realize the online self-setting of all parameters in PID control process. The controls module in ADAMS was used to realize the joint simulation of ADAMS and MATLAB, of which the results showed that the self-adaptive fuzzy PID control strategy is reasonable and feasible. Compare with the passive suspension control, the control strategy will decrease effectively the acceleration of vehicle body, as well as the dynamic flexibility of suspension and relative dynamic load on tyres. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis of damaging failure of composite laminates Liu, Jun (1); Li, Ying-Mei (1); Huang, Bao-Zong (1) 2006, 27 (1):  76-79.  DOI: - Abstract ( 243 )   HTML   PDF (266KB) ( 1217 )   Based on progressive damage theory, a non-linear and multi-scale damage model is developed to consider the stiffness reduction caused by micro-crack before the failure of a single lamina. The Hoffman criterion is taken as an ultimate condition for the damage to a single lamina of composite laminate in complex stress state. Then, the criterion is introduced to a numerical analysis made for the damaging failure process of a composite laminate with a hole under unilateral load, and the result of the analysis is compared with that taking conventional or no damage failure criterion. The results indicate that the stress concentration is relaxed due to the reduced stiffness of damaged single lamina which leads the stress to redistribute and accelerates the stress transfer to undamaged laminae and their peripheral elements. It implies that the failure load of a single lamina is improved greatly as well as the ultimate load of the composite laminate. But, the way to laminate will affect the improvability. The analysis reveals that the decreasing stiffness due to damage should be taken into account in the failure analysis of composite laminates. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Numerical analysis of stability of bulkhead dam for mining junkyard in iron ore stope Liang, Li (1); Zhang, Feng-Chun (1); Fang, Guo-Tao (2); Dong, Tian-Wen (1) 2006, 27 (1):  80-83.  DOI: - Abstract ( 355 )   HTML   PDF (886KB) ( 614 )   A 3-D stereogram is given showing the primary topography in AUTOCAD, utilizing the vectorized primary relief map of the slope of a mining junkyard in a certain iron ore stope. Of which the 2-D model for calculation is a profile map of the 3-D model. Considering gravitationally the groundwater distribution, the finite element analysis of ANSYS software is used to simplify the 32° slope and bulkhead dam into a planar stress problem to analyze stress and displacement field. It is reasonable that the displacement of the junkyard slopes is great because the height of the yard is so big as well as its deformation. To control both the upland water and groundwater is a very effective measure to take for improving the stability of the junkyard. However, what is more important to the bulkhead dam is the magnitude and orientation of the stress and deformation in the dam heel region. A referable safety factor is thus given in accordance to the ratio of the tensile strength of dam material to the actual tensile stress. It has been proved in calculation that the 32° slope is stable if building a bulkhead dam on the slope foot, and the dam will provide the stability to the slope and bigger capacity to the yard. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Detecting underground water-bearing caves by seismic transverse wave reflection method Xu, Bai-Shan (1); Wang, En-De (1); Tian, Gang (2); Han, Jun (3) 2006, 27 (1):  84-87.  DOI: - Abstract ( 169 )   HTML   PDF (1035KB) ( 787 )   Because of the technical complexity of excitation and reception and difficulty in wave recognition especially the limitation of exploring depth (70-100 m) in seismic transverse wave reflection method for shallow-layer projects, the transverse wave method was rarely used. However, based on practical experience for years, the seismic transverse wave reflection method was found able to interpret practically and effectively such catastrophic geological structures as underground water-bearing caves with high precision, of which the exploring depth for seismic focus by hammering can be up to 200-300 m in general, thus providing evidently their formation and features. Through digging and drilling for many times, the exploring method was proved reliable and provide relevant information for urban disaster investigation and evaluation of gob areas and construction sites. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Selection and numerical simulation of stepwise mining sequence Li, Yuan-Hui (1); Liu, Wei (2); Xie, Shi-Jun (1) 2006, 27 (1):  88-91.  DOI: - Abstract ( 242 )   HTML   PDF (816KB) ( 752 )   Numerical simulation was conducted using the FEM software 2D-σ for the stress field and displacement field of the deep orebody mined in different Stepwise sequences. The results showed that the failure of stope roofs, displacement and vertical stress in overhead mining sequence are all smaller than those in underhand mining and, especially during the final mining of an ore deposit. The subsidence zone and displacements of both stope roofs and side struts of all steps in overhead mining are all smaller than in underhead mining. For this reason, the mining operation in overhand Stepwise sequence will benefit the improvement of stability of stope so as to mitigate even avoid the rockburst induced by deep hard rock exploitation. In view of sloping process, the overhead mining sequence is preferable to developing no-waste mining technology with significant econo-social benefits available. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Prediction based on BP network for cement strength Cheng, Yun-Hong (1); Zhao, Wen (1) 2006, 27 (1):  92-94.  DOI: - Abstract ( 270 )   HTML   PDF (151KB) ( 590 )   Based on optimized BP algorithms, some prediction models are developed for cement strength. The model 1 is used to predict compression strength, of which the input is 3 d compression strength and the output is 28 d compression strength. The model 2 is used to predict bending strength, of which the input is 3 d bending strength and the output is 28 d bending strength. The BP algorithms covering additional momentum and adaptive learning rate taken to optimize the proposed BP network, which thus works efficiently. The mean values of relative errors of model 1 and model 2 are 1.6655% and 3.8341%, respectively, and the results of the prediction are proved close to the experimental ones. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Hybrid control of MRD and LRB for structural vibration Zhang, Yan-Nian (1); Liu, Bin (1); Li, Yi (1); Fan, He (1) 2006, 27 (1):  95-98.  DOI: - Abstract ( 247 )   HTML   PDF (173KB) ( 501 )   The magnetorhrological damper (MRD) that uses MR fluids to provide controllability is one of the most promising semi-active devices to control structural vibration, which is available to be attached to Lead-Rubber Bearing (LRB) so as to form a base-isolated structure. Three kinds of such hybrid schemes of MRD and LRB were thus proposed with dynamic analysis set up. A kinetic differential equation was derived and a dynamic time history analysis was made. Taking a 7-story frame as example, the seismic response analysis was made for the proposed three kinds of hybrid schemes according to the theory of instantaneous optimal control (IOC) algorithm individually. Compared with the single LRB base-isolated structure, all the three hybrid schemes present clearly the effective controllabilities of seismic response especially the scheme 3. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Adsorption of Cu2+ by Ca-bentonite in wastewater Zhu, Yi-Min (1); Wang, Zhong-An (1); Su, Xiu-Juan (1); Wei, De-Zhou (1) 2006, 27 (1):  99-102.  DOI: - Abstract ( 281 )   HTML   PDF (271KB) ( 975 )   The adsorption of copper ions by Ca-bentonite in wastewater was investigated experimentally. The results indicated that such a biosorbent has favorable adsorbing effect on copper ions, and the adsorption equilibrium comes about within 15 minutes. When the dose of Ca-bentonite is 10 g/L with the concentration of Cu up to 190.6 g/L the biosorbing rate is 94.0%, while the concentration of Cu2+ up to 635.4 g/L the biosorbing rate is 57.0%. The XRD analysis shows that the process of copper ions by Ca-bentonite indicates not only the surface and pore adsorption but also the crystal-interlamination adsorption by the bentonite. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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- - 2006, 27 (1):  103-106.  DOI: - Abstract ( 218 )   HTML   PDF (164KB) ( 648 )   - References | Related Articles | Metrics

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- - 2006, 27 (1):  107-110.  DOI: - Abstract ( 171 )   HTML   PDF (242KB) ( 812 )   - References | Related Articles | Metrics

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- - 2006, 27 (1):  111-114.  DOI: - Abstract ( 256 )   HTML   PDF (1259KB) ( 558 )   - References | Related Articles | Metrics

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- - 2006, 27 (1):  115-118.  DOI: - Abstract ( 629 )   HTML   PDF (159KB) ( 2790 )   - References | Related Articles | Metrics