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    Segmentation Method for Glass-like Object Based on Cross-Modal Fusion
    Ying-cai WAN, Li-jin FANG, Qian-kun ZHAO
    Journal of Northeastern University(Natural Science)    2025, 46 (1): 1-8.   DOI: 10.12068/j.issn.1005-3026.2025.20230204
    Abstract756)   HTML83)    PDF(pc) (2021KB)(360)       Save

    Due to the lack of distinct textures and shapes, objects such as glass and mirrors pose challenges to traditional semantic segmentation algorithms, compromising the accuracy of visual tasks. A Transformer‑based RGBD cross‑modal fusion method is proposed for segmenting glass‑like objects. The method utilizes a Transformer network that extracts self‑attention features of RGB and depth through a cross‑modal fusion module and integrates RGBD features using a multi‑layer perceptron (MLP) mechanism to achieve the fusion of three types of attention features. RGB and depth features are fed back to their respective branches to enhance the network's feature extraction capabilities. Finally, a semantic segmentation decoder combines the features from four stages to output the segmentation results of glass‑like objects. Compared with the EBLNet method, the intersection‑and‑union ratio of the proposed method on the GDD, Trans10k and MSD datasets is improved by 1.64%, 2.26%, and 7.38%, respectively. Compared with the PDNet method on the RGBD-Mirror dataset, the intersection‑and‑union ratio is improved by 9.49%, verifying its effectiveness.

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    Interval Prediction Model of RF-ET-KDE Sintering Process Physical Index Based on Stacking Integration
    Zeng-xin KANG, Jin-chao CHEN, Jin-yang WANG, Zhao-xia WU
    Journal of Northeastern University(Natural Science)    2024, 45 (10): 1369-1378.   DOI: 10.12068/j.issn.1005-3026.2024.10.001
    Abstract749)   HTML59)    PDF(pc) (2555KB)(825)       Save

    Due to the many uncertainties in the sintering process, the reliability of mechanism analysis and point prediction results is insufficient. Therefore, a random forest-extreme tree-kernel density estimation (RF-ET-KDE) algorithm is proposed to realize interval predictions for physical indicators, such as particle size and moisture. Firstly, data preprocessing and feature selection operations are adopted to screen out the most suitable feature variables for modeling. Secondly, the RF-ET algorithm based on Stacking is utilized to realize point predictions for the indicators. This algorithm makes the model with higher accuracy and generalization, and then the KDE algorithm is adopted to calculate the prediction error of the indicator. The distribution interval and interval prediction results under a certain confidence level are obtained. Finally, the proposed model is compared with the other combined models. The results show that the RF-ET algorithm has higher point prediction accuracy, and the KDE algorithm can quantify the error of the indicator very well, so that a higher credibility interval prediction result can be obtained.

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    Cooperative Platoon Control of Connected and Automated Vehicles Based on Fixed-Time Disturbance Observer
    Xiang LI, Zhen-chao SUN, Zhen-yu GAO
    Journal of Northeastern University(Natural Science)    2024, 45 (11): 1521-1528.   DOI: 10.12068/j.issn.1005-3026.2024.11.001
    Abstract676)   HTML26)    PDF(pc) (2041KB)(195)       Save

    The cooperative platoon control of connected and automated vehicles with model uncertainties and external disturbances is investigated. A fixed?time disturbance observer (DO) is proposed, with which the compound disturbance (i. e. , model uncertainties and external disturbances) can be estimated accurately within settling time. Based on the DO, backstepping method and fixed?time theory, a novel controller is further designed to ensure that all signals of the closed?loop system have fixed?time stability, which ensures that the tracking error between vehicles converges to zero within a settling time, and the convergence time only depends on the controller parameters. Through Lyapunov stability theory, both individual vehicle stability and string stability are guaranteed. Finally, a simulation of five?vehicle platoon control verifies the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.

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    Regulation Method of Induced-Charge Electro-Osmosis Based on Superposition Effect of Dual Electric Fields
    Xiao-ming CHEN, Mo SHEN, Sun LIU, Yong ZHAO
    Journal of Northeastern University(Natural Science)    2024, 45 (8): 1065-1072.   DOI: 10.12068/j.issn.1005-3026.2024.08.001
    Abstract671)   HTML42)    PDF(pc) (5787KB)(625)       Save

    In order to extract pure cell populations from multiple cell populations or to extract the required components from complex samples, a novel regulation method of induced?charge electro?osmotic (ICEO) is proposed, based on the superposition effect of dual electric fields, to study the remodeling mechanism of the ICEO vortex and its particle control performance. Firstly, a multi?physical coupling simulation model is established and the asymmetric evolution mechanism is studied. Secondly, the particle control device is designed and processed, and the particle control experimental system is built. Then, the aggregation and longitudinal migration characteristics of single particle induced by asymmetrically ICEO vortices at different voltages are studied. Finally, aggregation and separation characteristics of various particles within the asymmetric ICEO vortices are explored. The results show that this method can achieve the aggregation, migration and separation of micro?scale particles in a simple control way, and it has great application potential in the field of environmental detection and disease diagnosis.

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    RBF Neural Network Compensation Sliding Mode Control Strategy for Flexible Space Manipulators
    Xiao-peng LI, Jia-xing FU, Hai-long LIU, Meng YIN
    Journal of Northeastern University(Natural Science)    2024, 45 (9): 1258-1267.   DOI: 10.12068/j.issn.1005-3026.2024.09.006
    Abstract615)   HTML8)    PDF(pc) (3206KB)(717)       Save

    Flexible structures cause the dynamic parameters of flexible space manipulators to change with time, which reduces the accuracy of tracking control. The lighter mass and the larger ratio of length to radius may result in the vibration of flexible space manipulators during their movement. To solve the above problems, a dynamic model of a flexible space manipulator considering two?dimensional deformation and disturbance torque is established, and a simplified non?linear dynamic formula is derived. On this basis, a control law is designed to identify and compensate for the time?varying term and disturbance torque in the flexible space manipulator using the radial basis function (RBF) neural network. Then, using the hyperbolic tangent function as the approximation rate, a sliding mode control strategy is proposed. Finally, through simulation and ground physical prototype experiment, it can be concluded that in the design of control laws for flexible space manipulators, the control strategy with neural network compensation effectively reduces the impact of disturbance torque on the flexible space manipulator. By using the tanh function instead of the sgn function, the fluctuation of input torque can be reduced, and the effectiveness of the RBF neural network compensation sliding mode control strategy is verified.

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    Face Inpainting Model Based on Denoising Diffusion Probability Models
    Ji-hong LIU, Xi-xiong HUANG
    Journal of Northeastern University(Natural Science)    2024, 45 (9): 1227-1234.   DOI: 10.12068/j.issn.1005-3026.2024.09.002
    Abstract607)   HTML36)    PDF(pc) (4524KB)(433)       Save

    A face inpainting model based on the denoising diffusion probability model is proposed aiming at the problems of poor image quality, blurred repair edges, complex model, and difficult training of the mainstream face inpainting model after image inpainting. By improving the denoising diffusion probability model, the U-Net network structure in Guided?diffusion is adopted. The fast Fourier convolution is introduced into the network, and then the model is trained and tested on the CelebA-HQ high?definition face image dataset. The experimental results show that the improved denoising diffusion probability model can achieve a PSNR of 25.01 and a SSIM of 0.886 compared to the original image, when inpainting face images with random mask, both of which are better than the model before improvement and the existing face image inpainting model based on generative adversarial networks.

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    Effect of Sci-Tech Finance on Sci-Tech Innovation Under Background of Digital Economy
    Jing LI, Ying HAN, Yi-xin CAO, Xin-yu YAO
    Journal of Northeastern University(Natural Science)    2024, 45 (8): 1209-1216.   DOI: 10.12068/j.issn.1005-3026.2024.08.018
    Abstract601)   HTML6)    PDF(pc) (683KB)(127)       Save

    Basing on the static and dynamic panel models,the effect of the development of sci?tech finance on regionat sci?tech innovation in China is empirically studied, and the moderating effect of digital economy on that effect is explored. It is found that: sci?tech finance plays an obvious role in supporting sci?tech innovation, but this is mainly reflected in the short term, and the long?term effect is reduced. The effect of different sci?tech finance is discrepant at different stages of sci?tech innovation. Fiscal expenditure and financial institution loans on sci?tech finance plays the main supporting effect on the stage of technology research and achievement transformation; financial institution loans on sci?tech finance still plays an important role, and the role of venture capital is growing at the stage of technology promotion and industrialization; in the process of supporting sci?tech innovation through sci?tech finance, digital economy has a positive moderating effect.

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    Pedestrian Trajectory Prediction Algorithm Based on Graph Convolution and Convolution
    Ang FENG, Jun GONG, Nian WANG, Jing-long WANG
    Journal of Northeastern University(Natural Science)    2024, 45 (11): 1529-1536.   DOI: 10.12068/j.issn.1005-3026.2024.11.002
    Abstract581)   HTML15)    PDF(pc) (1902KB)(133)       Save

    Significant progress has been made in pedestrian trajectory prediction, but most of the existing methods are constrained by the limited on?board computing resources. How to achieve efficient pedestrian trajectory prediction in autonomous vehicles is still insufficient. To solve this problem, a lightweight pedestrian trajectory prediction algorithm is proposed, which uses convolutional neural network (CNN) and graph convolutional neural network (GCN) to process and integrate multimodal information. Firstly, a multi?scale feature processing module is designed based on CNN. Multiple convolution modules are used to capture the features of pedestrian tracks and scene information at different time and spatial scales. Then, a feature integration module is constructed based on GCN, which is used to efficiently integrate the spatial?temporal relationship between trajectory and scene features and obtain multiple prediction representations. Finally, multiple prediction representations are integrated to obtain pedestrian trajectory prediction results. Experiments on PIE and JAAD datasets show that the proposed method achieves competitive and optimal prediction performance with the least network parameters, respectively, which verifies the effectiveness of the proposed method. Compared with the previous lightest method, the parameters are optimized by 73%.

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    Verifiable Fully Homomorphic Encryption Based on Zero‑Knowledge Succinct Non‑interactive Arguments of Knowledge
    Jin-tong SUN, Fu-cai ZHOU, Qiang WANG, Che BIAN
    Journal of Northeastern University(Natural Science)    2024, 45 (11): 1537-1546.   DOI: 10.12068/j.issn.1005-3026.2024.11.003
    Abstract579)   HTML11)    PDF(pc) (1136KB)(434)       Save

    Homomorphic encryption (HE) is severely limited in its practical deployment due to low execution efficiency and the inability to ensure data integrity, particularly in scenarios with strict latency requirements. To address such issues and enhance general applicability, a new HE scheme is proposed. To improve execution efficiency, a multithreaded matrix multiplication (MMM) algorithm is designed. With the MMM algorithm, encryption tasks can be decomposed and distributed across multiple threads for parallel execution, thus achieving acceleration. To tackle data tampering in malicious server environments, a verifiable encryption mechanism is designed using zk-SNARK techniques to protect the integrity of ciphertext in outsourced computations. By combining MMM, an efficient verifiable fully homomorphic encryption based on zk-SNARK (zk-VFHE) was developed. Theoretical analysis and experimental results demonstrate that zk-VFHE outperforms similar protocols in terms of both execution speed and security.

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    Air Permeability Prediction of Sinter Layer Based on TST-LSTM Model
    Meng-yuan LIU, Zhao-xia WU, Jin-yang WANG, Guang-lei XIA
    Journal of Northeastern University(Natural Science)    2024, 45 (10): 1379-1385.   DOI: 10.12068/j.issn.1005-3026.2024.10.002
    Abstract578)   HTML22)    PDF(pc) (1484KB)(213)       Save

    In the sintering process, the air permeability of the sinter layer significantly impacts sinter quality. Therefore, it is essential to construct a model for accurately air permeability prediction of the sinter layer. Due to the inadequacy of traditional coding?decoding models in handling time series dependencies,time?series transformer-long short?term memory network (TST-LSTM) model is proposed. This model leverages the decoding component of the transformer model and combines the advantages of LSTM to achieve realtime prediction of air permeability of the sinter layer. Comparative analysis with simulation results from traditional backpropagation neural network (BPNN), support vector regression (SVR), and long shortterm memory (LSTM) models demonstrates that TST-LSTM exhibits superior and more stable prediction performance. The proposed method is validated through simulation predictions based on actual sintering processes.

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    Analytical Solution of Surrounding Rock Stress and Displacement in Bidirectional Unequal Pressure Stope Under Supporting Stress
    Zhi-peng XIONG, Yuan-hui LI, Kun-meng LI, Gui-xuan XIAO
    Journal of Northeastern University(Natural Science)    2024, 45 (12): 1759-1768.   DOI: 10.12068/j.issn.1005-3026.2024.12.011
    Abstract576)   HTML5)    PDF(pc) (1644KB)(174)       Save

    The stability of inclined rectangular stope is closely related to the stress and displacement distribution of stope roof in underground mines. However, the current theoretical method for stress and displacement of surrounding rock in rectangular excavation has a significant error when applied to inclined rectangular stopes with large width‑height ratio, and the influence of excavation dip angle and supporting stress is not considered. Based on the complex function theory, this paper puts forward the mapping function expression of inclined rectangular stope with large width‑height ratio, and derives the analytical solution of stress and displacement of surrounding rock in stope under bidirectional unequal pressure and supporting stress. Besides, the influence of stope dip angle, width‑height ratio and supporting stress on stress and displacement distribution of stope roof is analyzed. The results show that the deviation between analytical solution and FLAC simulation solution is less than 5%. In addition, the asymmetric distribution trend of stress and displacement around stope roof intensifies as the stope dip angle increases, and the degree of pressure relief and vertical displacement gradually decreases. With the increase of stope width‑height ratio, the pressure relief degree and the displacement of stope roof gradually increase. The supporting stress exerted by supporting bodies can improve the stress environment of surrounding rock and reduce the roof subsidence.

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    CT Diagnosis Method for Coronavirus Pneumonia with Integrated Multi-scale Attention Mechanism
    Peng SHAN, Lin ZHANG, Hong-ming XIAO, Yu-liang ZHAO
    Journal of Northeastern University(Natural Science)    2024, 45 (12): 1673-1679.   DOI: 10.12068/j.issn.1005-3026.2024.12.001
    Abstract572)   HTML21)    PDF(pc) (2222KB)(178)       Save

    Artificial intelligence (AI)‑based diagnosis has become an important auxiliary method for detecting lung infections. However, most existing approaches rely on deep learning, which are often plagued by issues such as insufficient model stability, high complexity, and low accuracy. This paper presents a shallow model which incorporates a multi‑scale attention mechanism to achieve both high accuracy and a simple structure for diagnosing COVID‑19 from CT scans. Firstly, two datasets of COVID‑19 CT images are combined into a single dataset to address the issue of model instability caused by insufficient data. Secondly, by introducing multi‑scale attention(MA) in the final three layers of the shallow ResNet18 network, the model’s feature extraction capability is enhanced. Finally, classifier with three fully connected layers (CTFCL) is constructed to improve the classification performance of the model, thereby increasing the accuracy of lung CT classification. Experimental results show that the proposed model achieves an accuracy of 95.41%, outperforming networks such as ResNet50, ResNet101, VGG16, and DenseNet169. Furthermore, the model has only 12.24×106 parameters, which is approximately 50% fewer than networks like ResNet50 and VGG16.

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    Supplier Relations and Corporate Digital Transformation
    Tao LIU, Xin-tian ZHUANG, Wei-ping ZHANG
    Journal of Northeastern University(Natural Science)    2024, 45 (8): 1193-1200.   DOI: 10.12068/j.issn.1005-3026.2024.08.016
    Abstract571)   HTML5)    PDF(pc) (709KB)(243)       Save

    Based on the reality that Chinese listed enterprises generally rely on suppliers and the important background of the construction of “Digital China”, text analysis technology is used, and the data of A?share listed companies from 2007 to 2021 are selected to investigate the consequences and internal mechanism of supplier relations on corporate digital transformation. The research results indicate that, a significant “U”?shaped relationship between supplier concentration and corporate digital transformation. This “U”?shaped relationship is more remarkable in industries with low levels of competition, non?state?owned enterprises, and specialized new enterprises. Supplier concentration has an impact on corporate digital transformation by dynamically affecting trade credit financing.

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    Super-resolution Reconstruction of Remote Sensing Image Based on Transformer of Multi-scale Feature Fusion
    Zhi WANG, Kun WANG, Meng-qing WANG
    Journal of Northeastern University(Natural Science)    2024, 45 (8): 1178-1184.   DOI: 10.12068/j.issn.1005-3026.2024.08.014
    Abstract567)   HTML14)    PDF(pc) (1851KB)(1407)       Save

    To address the limitation of the existing super?resolution reconstruction of remote sensing image algorithms in fully extracting and utilizing features and coping with high computational complexity in complex scenes, a Transformer network model for super?resolution reconstruction of remote sensing image based on multi?scale feature fusion was proposed. The multi?scale residual Swin Transformer module was introduced to fully extract features and reduce the module redundancy used for flat feature extraction. A feature fusion refinement module was established that can fully extract image features to improve network performance. Based on the public UC Merced Land Use dataset, the experimental results show that the number of parameters required by the proposed model is only 61.6% of the parameters compared with the current mainstream super?resolution reconstruction method EDSR model. The peak signal?to?noise ratio and structural similarity of the reconstruction results at different scales are increased by 0.82 dB and 0.024 on average compared with the EDSR model. Through comparative analysis, it is proved that the model proposed can effectively reduce the redundancy of network parameters while improving the quality of the image. It can significantly improve the quality of the reconstructed image to meet the requirements of high?resolution remote sensing image processing.

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    Operating Performance Assessment of Flotation Process Based on Multi-source Heterogeneous Information
    Yan LIU, Qi-jie BU, Hong-chen ZHAO, Xin GUO
    Journal of Northeastern University(Natural Science)    2024, 45 (9): 1217-1226.   DOI: 10.12068/j.issn.1005-3026.2024.09.001
    Abstract562)   HTML29)    PDF(pc) (1823KB)(264)       Save

    In view of the coexistence of image information and process data information in flotation process and small differences among features of different operation state, a novel operating performance assessment method based on multi?source heterogeneous information and deep learning was proposed for flotation process. Firstly, a residual network (ResNet) is established to extract deep features with more discrimination from original images of different performance grades. Secondly, a stacked sparse performance?relevant autoencoders (SSPAE) model is proposed, which introduces the state level label into the model training to overcome the problem that the traditional autoencoder ignores the state?related characteristics. Furthermore, an image and data feature fusion model based on attention mechanism (AM) is established, and then the fused features are used as the inputs of the SoftMax classifier to train the operating performance assessment model, realizing the reasonable and effective utilization of the multi?source heterogeneous information. Finally, the flotation process data is used for simulation verification. The simulation results show that the proposed method is superior to other comparative methods, verifying its superiority in evaluating the operating performance of flotation processes.

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    Heart Anomaly Detection Algorithm Based on Multimodal Feature Engineering and TSNet
    Ji-hong LIU, Wei XUE, Chao XU
    Journal of Northeastern University(Natural Science)    2024, 45 (10): 1394-1400.   DOI: 10.12068/j.issn.1005-3026.2024.10.004
    Abstract562)   HTML11)    PDF(pc) (4015KB)(274)       Save

    Electrocardiogram (ECG) and Phonocardiogram (PCG) are commonly used diagrams in heart diseases diagnosis. While, using them alone for heart disease diagnosis is not effective. Based on multimodal feature engineering, after segmentation and normalization preprocess of the dataset, Gramiam angle fields (GAF) are used for time?series data reconstruction to form an image model. Additionally, a two?stream self?fusion network (TSNet) suitable for this image model is proposed, which replaces the bottom?layer convolution operations with a two?stream self?fusion (TS) module to better integrate the heterogeneous information of ECG and PCG. Tested on the PhysioNet Challenge 2016 a dataset, the proposed algorithm achieves best values of accuracy, F1 score, precision, and recall at 95.3%, 95.4%, 96.2%, and 99.4%, respectively. Compared to other multimodal convolutional neural network algorithms for ECG and PCG, it shows higher accuracy.

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    Meshing Characteristics Analysis of Spiral Bevel Gear Pairs with Different Crack Types
    Han-sheng SONG, Hui MA, Zi-meng LIU, Wen-kang HUANG
    Journal of Northeastern University(Natural Science)    2024, 45 (8): 1096-1106.   DOI: 10.12068/j.issn.1005-3026.2024.08.005
    Abstract537)   HTML10)    PDF(pc) (7801KB)(259)       Save

    Under the working conditions of heavy load and alternating load, spiral bevel gears are prone to tooth root cracks, which lead to tooth fractures. It is necessary to clarify the influence mechanism of cracks on meshing characteristics and provide theoretical basis for fault diagnosis. The finite element model of bevel gear pairs is constructed, and the static contact simulation analysis is carried out by ANSYS software. The fault models of various crack types are set up by the method of unit node replacement, and the influence of cracks on the meshing characteristics of spiral bevel gear pairs is discussed. The results show that when the contact ellipse of gear teeth moves to the crack area of gear teeth, the meshing stiffness gradually decreases with the increase of the severity of the crack, and the maximum reduction of stiffness under the condition of plane crack, space crack and broken teeth is 27.58%, 14.12% and 32.82% respectively. The contact ellipse position, crack position and depth of gear meshing will make the contact stress of tooth surface and the bending stress of tooth root have different increasing and decreasing trends.

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    Connection Between Precast Steel-Concrete-Steel Sandwich Slab and Column and Finite Element Analysis
    Bai-ling CHEN, Yue YIN, Hai-yang GAO, Lian-guang WANG
    Journal of Northeastern University(Natural Science)    2024, 45 (10): 1476-1484.   DOI: 10.12068/j.issn.1005-3026.2024.10.014
    Abstract529)   HTML56)    PDF(pc) (4564KB)(278)       Save

    In order to meet the bearing requirements of prefabricated composite slab?column joints, two types of connection joints between steel?concrete?steel sandwich slab and structural column are proposed. Using ABAQUS finite element software, the numerical calculation model of composite slab column joint is established, and the bearing capacity of precast joint under punching load and the influence of main design parameters on its mechanical and deformation properties are analyzed. The results show that, compared with the cast?in?place joints under the same condition, the prefabricated connection joints can significantly increase the punching shear capacity while ensuring good ductility. These indicate that the connection components can make a positive contribution to the punching shear resistance of the joints.In addition, it is recommended to use a 16 through bolts radial arrangement and choose a square or cross shaped external diaphragm in the external diaphragm?thru bolt connection. The diaphragm’s strength grade is consistent with the composite slab, which is taken as Q345. For the cantilever composite slab?circumferential flange connection, it is suggested that the flange thickness should be controlled at about 20 mm, so as to make the joint own a higher cost performance.

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    Defect Identification Method for Laser Melting Deposition Process
    Wei-wei LIU, Bing-jun LIU, Huan-qiang LIU, Ze-yuan LIU
    Journal of Northeastern University(Natural Science)    2024, 45 (8): 1150-1158.   DOI: 10.12068/j.issn.1005-3026.2024.08.011
    Abstract523)   HTML3)    PDF(pc) (3161KB)(258)       Save

    Defects in laser melting deposition are key problems restricting its development. Achieving precise automatic identification of defects is a crucial approach to enhance the application level of laser melting deposition technology. A novel algorithm for extracting the melt pool’s transient characteristics was presented, and the relationship between transient characteristics and lack of fusion defects of the deposition layers was found. Moreover, a dataset of the melt pool’s transient characteristics was established. The mainstream recognition algorithms were trained and tested, leading to the identification of the most effective model, ResNet 34. In order to solve the poor fitting training loss effect and slow calculating speed of ResNet 34, a hybrid LRCN 64 model was proposed combining the traditional convolutional networks and LSTM(long short?term memory) networks. It exhibited remarkable accuracy and significant calculating speed. The testing accuracy of the LRCN 64 model reaches 95.8%, thereby realizing the identification of lack of fusion defects, which provides valuable technical support to facilitate online non?destructive testing of deposited parts.

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    Active Obstacle Avoidance Path Planning for Multi-scenario Autonomous Vehicles Under Icy and Snowy Road Conditions
    Yu-long PEI, Shuang-zhu ZHAI
    Journal of Northeastern University(Natural Science)    2025, 46 (3): 1-11.   DOI: 10.12068/j.issn.1005-3026.2025.20239039
    Abstract523)   HTML52)    PDF(pc) (4698KB)(266)       Save

    Addressing the issue of autonomous vehicles’ instability on icy and snowy roads, an improved rapidly-exploring random tree (RRT) path planning algorithm is proposed. Firstly, a dynamic model introducing road adhesion coefficient on icy and snowy roads is established. Secondly, the global target deflection sampling combined with the front pointing and steering angle of the vehicle, combined with the collision avoidance detection and the maximum curvature constraint under the velocity-adhesion coefficient, is used to improve the traditional RRT algorithm problem.Finally, a double quintic polynomial is used for path smoothing to ensure stability, brake constraints, and comfort. The performance of the improved algorithm RRT is compared with that of the traditional algorithm under multi-scenario conditions through the joint simulation of MATLAB-Simulink and CarSim. The experiments show that the improved RRT algorithm significantly improves the path smoothness, reduces the curvature mutation, has short time, high success rate and good stability when driving on ice and snow.

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