金属基高温自润滑复合材料研究现状及展望

doi:10.12068/j.issn.1005-3026.2025.20240217

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

传统自润滑复合材料虽通过多相协同作用展现优异摩擦学性能，却面临力学性能不足和高温氧化失效的双重挑战.前者限制承载能力，后者导致氧化膜增厚引发运动滞涩.基于氧化调控的新策略通过诱导摩擦过程原位生成特定氧化产物或结构，可有效提升复合材料的综合性能.通过系统梳理高温自润滑复合材料研究现状以及面临的问题，重点阐述3类氧化调控策略，分别为选择性生成易烧结氧化物、原位构建表面织构、自生润滑相，建立动态润滑机制，为开发兼具优异力学性能、摩擦学性能与抗氧化的自润滑复合材料提供理论支持与技术参考.

关键词: 氧化, 高温, 自润滑, 磨损, 复合材料

Abstract:

Traditional self-lubricating composites demonstrate excellent tribological properties through multiphase synergy， yet they face dual challenges of insufficient mechanical strength and high-temperature oxidation failure. The former restricts their load-bearing capacity， while the latter induces kinematic stagnation as a result of excessive oxidation film growth. A new strategy based on oxidation regulation can effectively enhance the comprehensive performance of composites by inducing the in-situ generation of specific oxidation products or structures during the friction process. By systematically reviewing the current research status and problems faced by high-temperature self-lubricating materials， three types of oxidation regulation pathways are mainly expounded， namely selective formation of easily sintered oxides， in-situ construction of surface textures， and autonomous generation of lubricative phases， so as to establish dynamic lubrication mechanisms. These findings provide theoretical foundations and technical benchmarks for developing self-lubricating materials with excellent mechanical strength， tribological properties， and oxidation resistance.

Key words: oxidation, high-temperature, self-lubricating, wear, composites

中图分类号:

TG 178

陈明辉, 宋凯利, 甄宇, 王福会. 金属基高温自润滑复合材料研究现状及展望[J]. 东北大学学报（自然科学版）, 2025, 46(8): 20-31.

Ming-hui CHEN, Kai-li SONG, Yu ZHEN, Fu-hui WANG. Research Status and Prospects of Metal Matrix High-Temperature Self-lubricating Composites[J]. Journal of Northeastern University(Natural Science), 2025, 46(8): 20-31.

图/表 11

图1 NiAl和NiAl-AgNbO3复合材料的摩擦和磨损性能[26]（a）—摩擦系数与温度的关系；（b）—25 ℃时摩擦系数与时间的关系；（c）—600 ℃时摩擦系数与时间的关系；（d）—800 ℃时摩擦系数与时间的关系；（e）—磨损率与温度的关系.

Fig.1 Friction and wear properties of NiAl and NiAl-AgNbO3 composites [26]

图2 HEA和HEA-CaF2/BaF2固体自润滑材料的摩擦和磨损性能[39]（a）—块体HEA摩擦系数随时间变化关系；（b）—块体HEA-CaF2/BaF2摩擦系数随时间变化关系；（c）—在不同温度下HEA与HEA-CaF2/BaF2平均摩擦系数比较；（d）—在不同温度下HEA-CaF2/BaF2与HEA-Ag平均摩擦系数比较.

Fig.2 Friction and wear properties of HEA and HEA-CaF2/BaF2 solid self-lubricating materials[39]

表1 一些金属氧化物在3种温度下的摩擦系数[40] (three temperatures[40])

Table 1 Friction coefficients of some metal oxides at

PbO

B₂O₃

CrO₃

Re₂O₇

ReO₂

Cu₂O

CuO

CoO

MoO₃

WO₃

Fe₃O₄

Fe₂O₃

V₂O₅

TiO₂

Al₂O₃

Cr₂O₃

NiO

0.19

0.64

0.14

0.35

0.64

0.30

0.60

0.46

0.51

0.41

0.60

0.46

0.53

0.68

0.77

0.41

0.70

0.10

0.51

—

0.23

—

0.14

0.50

0.38

0.69

0.60

—

0.52

—

0.64

—

0.10

0.18

—

0.27

0.48

0.22

0.18

0.38

0.56

0.40

0.42

0.32

—

0.69

图3 WS2的结构示意图[49]

Fig.3 Schematic diagram of WS2 structure[49]

图4 NW和NW15T在800 ℃的氧化动力学曲线[50]

Fig.4 Oxidation kinetics curves of NW and NW15T at 800 °C[50]

图5 3种高熵合金在400 ℃下摩擦30 min后磨痕表面的拉曼光谱

Fig.5 Raman spectra of worn scar on three high entropy alloys after friction at 400 °C for 30 min

图6 3种高熵合金在400 ℃下摩擦不同时间后的磨损形貌[64]

Fig.6 Wear morphologies of three high entropy alloys after friction at 400 °C for different durations[64] （a~c）—AM-Co10Cr5；（d~f）—MA-Co10Cr10；（g~i）—MA-Co15Cr5［64］.

图7 NW 和 NW15T 的物相成分和微观结构[73]（a）—XRD谱；（b）—NW的SEM微观结构；（c）—NW15T SEM 微观结构.

Fig.7 Phase constituents and microstructures of NW and NW15T[73]

图8 NW15T预氧化后表面特征[50]（a）—表面形貌和能谱分析；（b）—XRD谱；（c）—复合材料NW15T在800 ℃下氧化30 min后形成氧化膜的三维图.

Fig.8 Surface characteristics of NW15T after pre-oxidation [50]

图9 复合材料TA（Ti+15%Ag），TM（Ti+10%Mo）以及TMA（Ti+10%Mo+15%Ag）磨损表面的表征[77]

Fig.9 Wear scar characteristics of three composites of TA(Ti+15%Ag), TM（Ti+10%Mo） and TMA（Ti+10%Mo+15%Ag）[77]

图10 钛基复合材料在600 ℃时的摩擦学性能[77]（a）—摩擦系数曲线；（b）—磨损率和平均摩擦系数；（c）—与其他自润滑钛基复合材料对比.

Fig.10 Tribological properties of titanium matrix composites at 600 °C[77]

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