东北大学学报(自然科学版) ›› 2025, Vol. 46 ›› Issue (2): 85-95.DOI: 10.12068/j.issn.1005-3026.2025.20230241
收稿日期:
2023-08-18
出版日期:
2025-02-15
发布日期:
2025-05-20
通讯作者:
辛博
作者简介:
辛 博(1988—),男, 吉林通化人,东北大学副教授,博士生导师.
基金资助:
Bo XIN(), Gang CAO, Jia-xin QIN, Xian-li ZHAO
Received:
2023-08-18
Online:
2025-02-15
Published:
2025-05-20
Contact:
Bo XIN
摘要:
为解决激光定向能量沉积(laser-directed energy deposition, L-DED)成型工艺制备的镍钴基功能梯度材料(NiCo-FGMs)磨削后表面质量一致性较差这一问题,基于正交试验分析了磨削工艺参数对NiCo-FGMs的磨削力和表面粗糙度的影响规律,并建立相应的预测模型.针对粗加工与精加工的不同加工目标,利用第二代非支配排序遗传算法(NSGA-Ⅱ)结合熵权法与逼近理想解的排序方法即熵权TOPSIS(technique for order proference by similarity to ideal solution)法进行了多目标磨削工艺参数优化,并进行验证.结果表明:粗加工磨削参数采用ap = 53.61 μm,vs = 29.99 m/s,vw = 311.89 mm/min;精加工磨削参数采用ap = 14.96 μm,vs = 29.99 m/s,vw = 300.92 mm/min.经两道工序加工,表面粗糙度标准差从0.195 μm降至0.101 μm,有效提高NiCo-FGMs的表面粗糙度一致性.
中图分类号:
辛博, 曹刚, 秦嘉鑫, 赵显力. 激光定向能量沉积NiCo-FGMs的磨削工艺优化[J]. 东北大学学报(自然科学版), 2025, 46(2): 85-95.
Bo XIN, Gang CAO, Jia-xin QIN, Xian-li ZHAO. Grinding Process Optimization of Laser-Directed Energy Deposited NiCo-FGMs[J]. Journal of Northeastern University(Natural Science), 2025, 46(2): 85-95.
材料 | C | Si | Mn | Cr | Mo | Ti | Fe | Al | Co | Ni | W | Ta | Hf |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
K447A | 0.14 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 8.69 | 0.72 | 1.16 | 0.12 | 5.58 | 10.33 | Bal. | 10.31 | 3.11 | 1.58 |
Stellite-6 | 1.15 | 1.10 | 0.50 | 29.00 | 1.00 | — | 3.00 | — | Bal. | 3.00 | 4.00 | — | — |
表1 K447A和Stellite-6粉末的化学组成(质量分数) (%)
Table 1 Chemical composition of K447A and Stellite-6 powders (mass fraction)
材料 | C | Si | Mn | Cr | Mo | Ti | Fe | Al | Co | Ni | W | Ta | Hf |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
K447A | 0.14 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 8.69 | 0.72 | 1.16 | 0.12 | 5.58 | 10.33 | Bal. | 10.31 | 3.11 | 1.58 |
Stellite-6 | 1.15 | 1.10 | 0.50 | 29.00 | 1.00 | — | 3.00 | — | Bal. | 3.00 | 4.00 | — | — |
变量 | 数值 |
---|---|
激光功率/W | 1 600 |
送粉速率/(g·min-1) | 15 |
激光扫描速度/(mm·min-1) | 600 |
搭接率/ % | 40 |
送粉/保护气体 | N2 |
基板预热温度,时间 | 300 ℃,10 min |
表2 NiCo-FGMs试件制备工艺参数
Table 2 Preparation process parameters of the NiCo-FGMs specimen
变量 | 数值 |
---|---|
激光功率/W | 1 600 |
送粉速率/(g·min-1) | 15 |
激光扫描速度/(mm·min-1) | 600 |
搭接率/ % | 40 |
送粉/保护气体 | N2 |
基板预热温度,时间 | 300 ℃,10 min |
序号 | ap/μm | vs/(m·s-1) | vw/(mm·min-1) |
---|---|---|---|
1 | 10 | 15 | 300 |
2 | 10 | 20 | 500 |
3 | 10 | 25 | 700 |
4 | 10 | 30 | 900 |
5 | 25 | 15 | 500 |
6 | 25 | 20 | 300 |
7 | 25 | 25 | 900 |
8 | 25 | 30 | 700 |
9 | 40 | 15 | 700 |
10 | 40 | 20 | 900 |
11 | 40 | 25 | 300 |
12 | 40 | 30 | 500 |
13 | 55 | 15 | 900 |
14 | 55 | 20 | 700 |
15 | 55 | 25 | 500 |
16 | 55 | 30 | 300 |
表3 正交试验表
Table 3 Orthogonal experimental table
序号 | ap/μm | vs/(m·s-1) | vw/(mm·min-1) |
---|---|---|---|
1 | 10 | 15 | 300 |
2 | 10 | 20 | 500 |
3 | 10 | 25 | 700 |
4 | 10 | 30 | 900 |
5 | 25 | 15 | 500 |
6 | 25 | 20 | 300 |
7 | 25 | 25 | 900 |
8 | 25 | 30 | 700 |
9 | 40 | 15 | 700 |
10 | 40 | 20 | 900 |
11 | 40 | 25 | 300 |
12 | 40 | 30 | 500 |
13 | 55 | 15 | 900 |
14 | 55 | 20 | 700 |
15 | 55 | 25 | 500 |
16 | 55 | 30 | 300 |
序号 | 0% K447A | 25% K447A | 50% K447A | 75% K447A | 100% K447A | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fn | Ft | Fn | Ft | Fn | Ft | Fn | Ft | Fn | Ft | |
1 | 11.99 | 4.59 | 15.05 | 8.69 | 10.12 | 5.75 | 11.12 | 5.99 | 23.37 | 12.65 |
2 | 17.27 | 6.56 | 20.27 | 11.25 | 11.87 | 6.29 | 16.25 | 9.29 | 28.78 | 15.12 |
3 | 14.21 | 6.46 | 19.30 | 10.59 | 14.96 | 7.82 | 18.43 | 9.63 | 20.34 | 8.46 |
4 | 7.96 | 4.23 | 16.63 | 8.06 | 13.78 | 6.78 | 17.80 | 8.77 | 17.16 | 7.33 |
5 | 14.00 | 5.60 | 39.51 | 23.75 | 23.86 | 13.53 | 31.22 | 16.39 | 66.46 | 31.55 |
6 | 33.57 | 12.86 | 33.41 | 19.12 | 19.01 | 10.37 | 28.05 | 15.98 | 44.33 | 21.39 |
7 | 39.60 | 16.59 | 45.32 | 24.14 | 31.15 | 15.70 | 45.71 | 23.22 | 60.79 | 24.60 |
8 | 34.59 | 11.74 | 36.18 | 17.49 | 30.61 | 15.40 | 37.57 | 18.21 | 56.95 | 23.86 |
9 | 83.87 | 36.24 | 65.22 | 38.67 | 39.56 | 22.35 | 54.78 | 29.15 | 111.60 | 50.81 |
10 | 37.79 | 14.75 | 57.70 | 30.67 | 40.84 | 21.29 | 53.94 | 25.83 | 66.84 | 27.45 |
11 | 48.25 | 20.82 | 40.30 | 21.90 | 28.98 | 15.22 | 43.17 | 23.79 | 88.03 | 37.27 |
12 | 62.60 | 23.83 | 53.58 | 25.58 | 41.72 | 21.28 | 58.75 | 27.38 | 89.41 | 34.74 |
13 | 96.26 | 41.87 | 88.00 | 51.26 | 67.95 | 37.15 | 73.17 | 39.61 | 145.20 | 63.06 |
14 | 59.92 | 24.46 | 75.86 | 40.76 | 57.34 | 29.60 | 69.44 | 35.44 | 110.56 | 43.23 |
15 | 72.37 | 30.43 | 55.15 | 29.66 | 39.34 | 19.79 | 57.13 | 30.64 | 112.42 | 43.83 |
16 | 72.50 | 28.17 | 58.48 | 28.21 | 44.33 | 23.28 | 67.05 | 31.23 | 104.82 | 40.91 |
表4 磨削力结果 (N)
Table 4 Grinding force results
序号 | 0% K447A | 25% K447A | 50% K447A | 75% K447A | 100% K447A | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fn | Ft | Fn | Ft | Fn | Ft | Fn | Ft | Fn | Ft | |
1 | 11.99 | 4.59 | 15.05 | 8.69 | 10.12 | 5.75 | 11.12 | 5.99 | 23.37 | 12.65 |
2 | 17.27 | 6.56 | 20.27 | 11.25 | 11.87 | 6.29 | 16.25 | 9.29 | 28.78 | 15.12 |
3 | 14.21 | 6.46 | 19.30 | 10.59 | 14.96 | 7.82 | 18.43 | 9.63 | 20.34 | 8.46 |
4 | 7.96 | 4.23 | 16.63 | 8.06 | 13.78 | 6.78 | 17.80 | 8.77 | 17.16 | 7.33 |
5 | 14.00 | 5.60 | 39.51 | 23.75 | 23.86 | 13.53 | 31.22 | 16.39 | 66.46 | 31.55 |
6 | 33.57 | 12.86 | 33.41 | 19.12 | 19.01 | 10.37 | 28.05 | 15.98 | 44.33 | 21.39 |
7 | 39.60 | 16.59 | 45.32 | 24.14 | 31.15 | 15.70 | 45.71 | 23.22 | 60.79 | 24.60 |
8 | 34.59 | 11.74 | 36.18 | 17.49 | 30.61 | 15.40 | 37.57 | 18.21 | 56.95 | 23.86 |
9 | 83.87 | 36.24 | 65.22 | 38.67 | 39.56 | 22.35 | 54.78 | 29.15 | 111.60 | 50.81 |
10 | 37.79 | 14.75 | 57.70 | 30.67 | 40.84 | 21.29 | 53.94 | 25.83 | 66.84 | 27.45 |
11 | 48.25 | 20.82 | 40.30 | 21.90 | 28.98 | 15.22 | 43.17 | 23.79 | 88.03 | 37.27 |
12 | 62.60 | 23.83 | 53.58 | 25.58 | 41.72 | 21.28 | 58.75 | 27.38 | 89.41 | 34.74 |
13 | 96.26 | 41.87 | 88.00 | 51.26 | 67.95 | 37.15 | 73.17 | 39.61 | 145.20 | 63.06 |
14 | 59.92 | 24.46 | 75.86 | 40.76 | 57.34 | 29.60 | 69.44 | 35.44 | 110.56 | 43.23 |
15 | 72.37 | 30.43 | 55.15 | 29.66 | 39.34 | 19.79 | 57.13 | 30.64 | 112.42 | 43.83 |
16 | 72.50 | 28.17 | 58.48 | 28.21 | 44.33 | 23.28 | 67.05 | 31.23 | 104.82 | 40.91 |
图6 磨削参数对不同梯度材料磨削力的影响极差(a)—法向磨削力;(b)—切向磨削力.
Fig.6 Range of influence of the grinding parameters on the grinding force of materials with different gradients
图7 不同梯度材料中磨削参数对磨削力的影响趋势(a)—0% K447A;(b)—25% K447A;(c)—50% K447A;(d)—75% K447A;(e)—100% K447A.
Fig.7 Impact trend of the grinding parameters on the grinding force in different gradient materials
序号 | Ra | 标准差 | 平均值 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0% K447A | 25% K447A | 50% K447A | 75% K447A | 100% K447A | |||
1 | 1.38 | 0.75 | 2.01 | 1.24 | 1.09 | 0.464 | 1.29 |
2 | 1.17 | 0.74 | 1.68 | 0.98 | 1.03 | 0.349 | 1.12 |
3 | 0.71 | 0.66 | 1.34 | 0.92 | 1.00 | 0.272 | 0.93 |
4 | 0.57 | 0.73 | 0.99 | 0.79 | 0.98 | 0.177 | 0.81 |
5 | 1.26 | 0.80 | 2.09 | 1.14 | 1.11 | 0.484 | 1.28 |
6 | 0.94 | 0.81 | 1.68 | 0.95 | 1.14 | 0.343 | 1.10 |
7 | 0.68 | 0.67 | 1.17 | 0.88 | 0.91 | 0.207 | 0.84 |
8 | 0.46 | 0.63 | 0.85 | 0.71 | 0.96 | 0.195 | 0.72 |
9 | 0.85 | 0.88 | 2.04 | 1.24 | 1.15 | 0.483 | 1.23 |
10 | 0.68 | 0.78 | 2.01 | 1.16 | 1.18 | 0.523 | 1.16 |
11 | 0.63 | 0.77 | 1.07 | 0.99 | 0.94 | 0.178 | 0.88 |
12 | 0.51 | 0.67 | 0.88 | 0.72 | 0.97 | 0.179 | 0.75 |
13 | 0.79 | 0.95 | 2.20 | 1.58 | 1.16 | 0.567 | 1.34 |
14 | 0.88 | 0.75 | 1.47 | 0.95 | 1.04 | 0.274 | 1.02 |
15 | 0.66 | 0.70 | 1.01 | 0.91 | 0.89 | 0.148 | 0.83 |
16 | 0.51 | 0.67 | 0.93 | 0.84 | 0.93 | 0.183 | 0.77 |
表5 粗糙度测量结果 (μm)
Table 5 Roughness measurement results
序号 | Ra | 标准差 | 平均值 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0% K447A | 25% K447A | 50% K447A | 75% K447A | 100% K447A | |||
1 | 1.38 | 0.75 | 2.01 | 1.24 | 1.09 | 0.464 | 1.29 |
2 | 1.17 | 0.74 | 1.68 | 0.98 | 1.03 | 0.349 | 1.12 |
3 | 0.71 | 0.66 | 1.34 | 0.92 | 1.00 | 0.272 | 0.93 |
4 | 0.57 | 0.73 | 0.99 | 0.79 | 0.98 | 0.177 | 0.81 |
5 | 1.26 | 0.80 | 2.09 | 1.14 | 1.11 | 0.484 | 1.28 |
6 | 0.94 | 0.81 | 1.68 | 0.95 | 1.14 | 0.343 | 1.10 |
7 | 0.68 | 0.67 | 1.17 | 0.88 | 0.91 | 0.207 | 0.84 |
8 | 0.46 | 0.63 | 0.85 | 0.71 | 0.96 | 0.195 | 0.72 |
9 | 0.85 | 0.88 | 2.04 | 1.24 | 1.15 | 0.483 | 1.23 |
10 | 0.68 | 0.78 | 2.01 | 1.16 | 1.18 | 0.523 | 1.16 |
11 | 0.63 | 0.77 | 1.07 | 0.99 | 0.94 | 0.178 | 0.88 |
12 | 0.51 | 0.67 | 0.88 | 0.72 | 0.97 | 0.179 | 0.75 |
13 | 0.79 | 0.95 | 2.20 | 1.58 | 1.16 | 0.567 | 1.34 |
14 | 0.88 | 0.75 | 1.47 | 0.95 | 1.04 | 0.274 | 1.02 |
15 | 0.66 | 0.70 | 1.01 | 0.91 | 0.89 | 0.148 | 0.83 |
16 | 0.51 | 0.67 | 0.93 | 0.84 | 0.93 | 0.183 | 0.77 |
图9 磨削参数对不同梯度材料表面粗糙度的影响趋势(a)—0% K447A;(b)—25% K447A;(c)—50% K447A;(d)—75% K447A;(e)—100% K447A.
Fig.9 Impact trend of the grinding parameters on the surface roughness of materials with different gradients
变量 | 自由度 | 平方和 | 均方 | F值 |
---|---|---|---|---|
回归 | 3 | 1.044 187 | 0.348 062 | 126.117 6 |
残差 | 12 | 0.033 118 | 0.002 760 | — |
总计 | 15 | 1.077 305 | — | — |
表6 粗糙度标准差预测模型方差分析
Table 7 ANOVA of the roughness standard deviation prediction model
变量 | 自由度 | 平方和 | 均方 | F值 |
---|---|---|---|---|
回归 | 3 | 1.044 187 | 0.348 062 | 126.117 6 |
残差 | 12 | 0.033 118 | 0.002 760 | — |
总计 | 15 | 1.077 305 | — | — |
变量 | 自由度 | 平方和 | 均方 | F值 |
---|---|---|---|---|
回归 | 3 | 0.517 136 | 0.172 379 | 21.542 84 |
残差 | 12 | 0.096 020 | 0.008 002 | — |
总计 | 15 | 0.613 156 | — | — |
表7 粗糙度标准差预测模型方差分析
Table 7 ANOVA of the roughness standard deviation prediction model
变量 | 自由度 | 平方和 | 均方 | F值 |
---|---|---|---|---|
回归 | 3 | 0.517 136 | 0.172 379 | 21.542 84 |
残差 | 12 | 0.096 020 | 0.008 002 | — |
总计 | 15 | 0.613 156 | — | — |
方案 | 正理想解距离 | 负理想解距离 | 相对贴近度 | 排序 |
---|---|---|---|---|
76 | 0.383 065 | 0.538 008 | 0.584 110 | 1 |
121 | 0.383 110 | 0.537 717 | 0.583 950 | 2 |
9 | 0.389 791 | 0.545 486 | 0.583 235 | 3 |
⁝ | ⁝ | ⁝ | ⁝ | ⁝ |
43 | 0.460 695 | 0.291 348 | 0.387 408 | 200 |
表8 粗加工各方案与理想解之间的相对贴近度
Table 8 Relative closeness between each scheme and ideal solution in rough machining
方案 | 正理想解距离 | 负理想解距离 | 相对贴近度 | 排序 |
---|---|---|---|---|
76 | 0.383 065 | 0.538 008 | 0.584 110 | 1 |
121 | 0.383 110 | 0.537 717 | 0.583 950 | 2 |
9 | 0.389 791 | 0.545 486 | 0.583 235 | 3 |
⁝ | ⁝ | ⁝ | ⁝ | ⁝ |
43 | 0.460 695 | 0.291 348 | 0.387 408 | 200 |
方案 | 正理想解距离 | 负理想解距离 | 相对贴近度 | 排序 |
---|---|---|---|---|
65 | 0.229 899 | 0.612 230 | 0.727 003 | 1 |
126 | 0.235 464 | 0.621 043 | 0.725 088 | 2 |
15 | 0.230 347 | 0.602 385 | 0.723 384 | 3 |
⁝ | ⁝ | ⁝ | ⁝ | ⁝ |
190 | 0.616 914 | 0.267 685 | 0.302 606 | 200 |
表9 精加工各方案与理想解之间的相对贴近度
Table 9 Relative closeness between each scheme and ideal solution in finish machining
方案 | 正理想解距离 | 负理想解距离 | 相对贴近度 | 排序 |
---|---|---|---|---|
65 | 0.229 899 | 0.612 230 | 0.727 003 | 1 |
126 | 0.235 464 | 0.621 043 | 0.725 088 | 2 |
15 | 0.230 347 | 0.602 385 | 0.723 384 | 3 |
⁝ | ⁝ | ⁝ | ⁝ | ⁝ |
190 | 0.616 914 | 0.267 685 | 0.302 606 | 200 |
工序 | ap/μm | vs/(m·s-1) | vw/(mm·min-1) | Fn/N | σ/μm | Zw/(mm3·s-1) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
粗加工 | 54 | 30 | 311.89 | 59.78 | 0.195 | 1 979.6 |
精加工 | 15 | 30 | 300.92 | 20.58 | 0.101 | 173.17 |
表10 磨削试验结果
Table 10 Grinding experiment results
工序 | ap/μm | vs/(m·s-1) | vw/(mm·min-1) | Fn/N | σ/μm | Zw/(mm3·s-1) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
粗加工 | 54 | 30 | 311.89 | 59.78 | 0.195 | 1 979.6 |
精加工 | 15 | 30 | 300.92 | 20.58 | 0.101 | 173.17 |
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