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15 September 2025, Volume 46 Issue 9 Previous Issue   
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Information & Control

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Charging and Discharging Scheduling for Electric Vehicles Based on Improved Multi-objective Chaotic Particle Swarm Optimization Zhi-ao CAO, Chen-shuo MA 2025, 46 (9):  1-8.  DOI: 10.12068/j.issn.1005-3026.2025.20240014 Abstract ( 205 )   HTML ( 2)   PDF (1428KB) ( 20 )   To address the issue of charging and discharging scheduling for EVs（electric vehicles）， an orderly charging and discharging algorithm that considered users’ comprehensive satisfaction was proposed. Firstly， a large-scale orderly charging and discharging model for EVs was constructed， and users’ comprehensive satisfaction was quantified. Secondly， an improved multi-objective role partitioning chaotic particle swarm optimization（IMRPC-PSO） algorithm was proposed to solve the problems of insufficient diversity and being trapped in local optimal in traditional methods. According to the performance of particles， the roles of elite particles， general particles， and learning particles were assigned， which respectively implement diversity strategies of maintaining search， developing search， and learning search. Each particle searched the optimization space according to its assigned role. To avoid falling into local optimal， a chaotic sequence perturbation was added after the initialization of each iteration. Finally， the performance of the proposed algorithm was compared with that of the other five multi-objective optimization algorithms through case simulation. The results show that IMRPC-PSO is superior to other algorithms in solving the problem of orderly charging and discharging of EVs， verifying the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed algorithm. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Two-Stage SiamCAR Tracking Algorithm Combining Motion Information and Dual-attention Mechanism Ying WEI, Jia-peng ZHANG, Jia-qi CUI, Tong HUANG 2025, 46 (9):  9-16.  DOI: 10.12068/j.issn.1005-3026.2025.20240018 Abstract ( 161 )   HTML ( 2)   PDF (2509KB) ( 6 )   In single-object tracking， the accuracy of the tracking bounding box is often compromised by factors such as deformation， motion blur， occlusion， and background interference. In particular， background interference frequently leads to tracking hopping and drift. To mitigate these issues， a two-stage tracking algorithm that integrated motion information with a dual-attention mechanism was proposed. In the first stage， a SiamCAR tracker with a dual-attention mechanism was employed to coarsely locate the target in the current frame. In the second stage， a refinement module of the bounding box was constructed using pixel-level similarity computations to learn the subtle features of the target under low-latency conditions， thereby enhancing the tracking accuracy. Finally， the tracking box obtained based on appearance features was fused with the target’s motion trajectory information to mitigate tracking drift and hopping. Experimental results on the OTB100 dataset indicate that the success rate and accuracy of the tracking box have improved by 4.6% and 2.8%， respectively， compared to the original. The success rate in the presence of background interference has reached 69.6%. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Learning-Based NSGA-Ⅱ for Multi-objective Portfolio Optimization Problems Zhu ZHU, Hang-yu LOU 2025, 46 (9):  17-24.  DOI: 10.12068/j.issn.1005-3026.2025.20249030 Abstract ( 203 )   HTML ( 4)   PDF (1542KB) ( 8 )   To address the issues of insufficient diversity and poor constraint-handling capability in the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm Ⅱ （NSGA-Ⅱ） when solving portfolio optimization problems， a learning-based improved NSGA-Ⅱ algorithm （INSGA-Ⅱ） incorporating clustering and an adaptive feasibility repair strategy for multi-objective portfolio optimization was proposed. In the proposed algorithm， clustering learning was employed to enhance population diversity， while adaptive repair ensured that newly generated solutions were feasible， thereby improving the algorithm's diversity and convergence speed. Additionally， the populations after crossover and mutation were preserved separately and merged with the parent population to increase the selection pressure and quality of offspring generation. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm exhibits superior search performance and stability， effectively solving multi-objective portfolio optimization problems. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Heterogeneous Graph Representation Learning Algorithm Based on Attribute Completion Dong-ming CHEN, Jia-ming LIU, Chun-mei LIANG, Dong-qi WANG 2025, 46 (9):  25-33.  DOI: 10.12068/j.issn.1005-3026.2025.20240153 Abstract ( 181 )   HTML ( 2)   PDF (1242KB) ( 8 )   In the process of collecting heterogeneous graph data， node attributes are often missing due to privacy protection policies or copyright constraints. Regarding both incomplete attributes and completely missing attributes， a heterogeneous graph representation learning algorithm based on attribute completion （HGAC） was proposed. For nodes with incomplete attributes， the missing attributes were obtained by constructing an adjacency matrix in the attribute space and performing graph convolution. Subsequently， the attributes were regarded as abstract nodes， and under the guidance of meta-paths， the topological embeddings of both nodes and attributes were learned. The similarity among the topological embeddings were then used to complete completely missing attributes. Experiments conducted on three real datasets demonstrate that the proposed algorithm effectively enhances the performance of downstream tasks and possesses strong generalization capability. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Illumination Estimation Method Based on Linear Transformation of Cosine Spherical Distribution Lian-jiang YU, Hong-juan LIU 2025, 46 (9):  34-40.  DOI: 10.12068/j.issn.1005-3026.2025.20240030 Abstract ( 103 )   HTML ( 1)   PDF (2192KB) ( 4 )   To accurately describe and parameterize scene light sources and achieve high-precision single-image illumination estimation， an illumination representation method based on linear transformation of cosine spherical distribution was proposed. A regression neural network was designed to infer the parametric distribution and intensity of light sources from a single image. A loss function based on singular value decomposition was innovatively introduced. This function could precisely and succinctly measure the distance between two parameterized light sources， significantly enhancing the accuracy of the regression network. Experimental results demonstrate that，compared with existing methods， this method performs exceptionally well under complex illumination conditions， particularly showing a notable improvement in capturing anisotropic illumination information. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Materials & Metallurgy

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Numerical Simulation of Gas-Solid Two-Phase Flow Characteristics in Cyclone Furnace Lin QI, Ying-xia QU, Da-peng JIANG, Zong-shu ZOU 2025, 46 (9):  41-50.  DOI: 10.12068/j.issn.1005-3026.2025.20240029 Abstract ( 208 )   HTML ( 1)   PDF (7229KB) ( 3 )   In order to explore the application status and prospects of cyclone furnaces in flash ironmaking technology， numerical simulations were conducted on the gas flow field and particle trajectories within the cyclone furnace using the Eulerian model and DPM， respectively. The effects of the rising gas（smelting reduction vessel gas）velocity and iron ore particle size on the characteristics of gas-solid two-phase flow were analyzed. The results show that the tangential velocity distribution of the vortex field approximately forms a “concave” shape in the lance region and an “M” shape in the region above the lance. As the rising gas velocity increases from 4 m/s to 8 m/s， the maximum tangential velocity of the gas decreases， and the capture rate of the iron ore particles decreases from 98.99% to 93.51%. However， the strong swirling turbulent region gradually moves upward， and the trajectory of the iron ore particles becomes longer， which is more conducive to the melting and reduction. In addition， the capture rate first decreases and then increases with increasing particle size， but the iron ore particles of large size hardly undergo upward spiral motion. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on Swirling Flow Characteristics of Single-Helix-Blade Biomass Gas Swirl Burner Ming-jie FENG, Yu-qian XIA, Sheng-hui LIU, Jie LI 2025, 46 (9):  51-57.  DOI: 10.12068/j.issn.1005-3026.2025.20240036 Abstract ( 119 )   HTML ( 2)   PDF (1694KB) ( 3 )   To study the effects of gas swirling flow on diffusion and mixing characteristics and its mechanism of influence on combustion performance in biomass gas swirl burners， a mathematical and physical model for the 3-dimensional gas flow and component transport was established in a single-helix-blade biomass swirl burner based on experimental investigations. Using Fluent 19.0 as the computational platform， a systematic study was conducted on the effects of the number of helical blade turns in the air duct， helical pitch， air channel cross-sectional area， and variable-diameter pipe length， on the gas swirling flow at the burner outlet. The results were compared with experimental findings. The results indicate that the numerical simulation results are consistent with the experimental test results. The number of helical blade turns has a minimal impact on the gas swirling flow， while the helical pitch has a decisive influence. When other conditions remain unchanged， the angular velocity of the outlet airflow increases gradually with the decrease in helical pitch； the angular velocity of the outlet airflow decreases gradually with the increase in air channel cross-sectional area. As the variable-diameter pipe gets shorter， the swirling intensity of the gas is stronger. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Monte Carlo Method for Solving Two-Dimensional Coupled Anisotropic Conduction-Radiation Heat Transfer Zi-jian GE, Zhi YI, Guo-jun LI, Lin-yang WEI 2025, 46 (9):  58-64.  DOI: 10.12068/j.issn.1005-3026.2025.20240040 Abstract ( 134 )   HTML ( 1)   PDF (1915KB) ( 2 )   In order to study the coupled thermal conductivity-radiation heat transfer characteristics of two-dimensional anisotropic materials， a computational method was developed for solving the coupled conduction-radiation heat transfer of two-dimensional anisotropic materials based on the basic idea of random walk for a uniform discrete mesh，and the accuracy of the computational method was verified. The effects of anisotropic thermal conductivity coefficient on the heat transfer characteristics were analyzed. The results show that for a two-dimensional plate， an anisotropic thermal conductivity coefficient results in a shift of the temperature field of the plate towards the corresponding anisotropy. The anisotropy of the plate is basically unchanged when the ratio of k_{\mathrm{12}}^{*} to k_{\mathrm{22}}^{*} is the same. The increase of k_{\mathrm{12}}^{*} leads to the change of the direction of the temperature conduction in the plate when the k_{\mathrm{22}}^{*} remains constant， which makes the temperature homogeneity decrease in the plate. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of Pre-forming Process of Tailor Rolled Blank on Al-Si Coating Xian-lei HU, Peng HAN, Qin-cheng XIE, Ying ZHI 2025, 46 (9):  65-72.  DOI: 10.12068/j.issn.1005-3026.2025.20240044 Abstract ( 127 )   HTML ( 1)   PDF (3754KB) ( 3 )   Indirect hot forming process needs to preform raw materials before hot stamping. Tailor rolled blanks （TRBs）have different work hardening degrees after variable thickness rolling， so annealing treatment is needed before preforming. The preforming process of Al-Si coated TRB was studied. The results show that the elongation increases to 16.0%~26.2% after annealing at 600~620 ℃. The total thickness of the coating has little change， and its structure changes from the three-layer structure consisting of Al base， alloy diffusion layer and Fe2Al5+FeAl3 （from outer to inner） into a four-layer structure comprising τ5-Fe2SiAl7， thin band structure containing τ1-Fe3Al2Si3， η-Fe2Al5， and alloy compound with a layer of 1~2 μm between η-Fe2Al5 and substrate. With increasing annealing temperature， the ribbon region containing τ1-Fe3Al2Si3 changes from τ1-Fe3Al2Si3+τ2-FeAl3Si+θ-FeAl3 to τ1-Fe3Al2Si3+θ-FeAl3+η-Fe2Al5， and with increasing annealing time， the region changes from τ1-Fe3Al2Si3+τ2-FeAl3Si+θ-FeAl3 to τ1-Fe3Al2Si3+θ-FeAl3+η-Fe2Al5. The layered structures of the coatings with 10% and 30% reduction ratios are the same， τ5-Fe2SiAl7， τ1-Fe3Al2Si3+τ2-FeAl3Si+θ-FeAl3 and η-Fe2Al5 from outer to inner. When the reduction ratio is 50%， the layered structure consists of τ5-Fe2SiAl7， τ1-Fe3Al2Si3+τ2-FeAl3Si+η-Fe2Al5 and η-Fe2Al5 from outer to inner. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on Multiphase Flow and Homogenization Behavior During Rare Earth Alloying of Molten Steel Yun-long HAO, Qing-hua XIE, Pei-yuan NI, Ying LI 2025, 46 (9):  73-80.  DOI: 10.12068/j.issn.1005-3026.2025.20240046 Abstract ( 229 )   HTML ( 3)   PDF (2069KB) ( 3 )   In order to study the behavior during the mass transfer and homogenization in the molten pool by argon blowing at the bottom of the ladle in the refining process， a LES-DPM-VOF coupled numerical model for a 150 t ladle in a steel plant was established to simulate slag-steel-argon three phase flow， and the effects of argon blowing rates on multiphase flow behavior of slag-steel-argon and the homogenization phenomenon of liquid steel were studied. The results show that the shape of the slag hole predicted by the numerical model is in good agreement with experimental observations. When the blowing rate is 50 L/min， the maximum velocity of molten steel in the ladle is about 0.7 m/s， and the slag-steel interface only shows a little fluctuation without the formation of a slag hole. As the blowing rate increases from 50 L/min to 100 L/min， the lifting effect of bubbles on molten steel is enhanced， and the maximum upward velocity of molten steel increases from 0.7 m/s to 1.07 m/s. In addition， the fluctuation of the slag-steel interface increases. Furthermore， the study on homogenization behavior shows that the homogenization time of the alloy is inversely proportional to the argon blowing rate. When the diameter of the simulated alloy is 20 cm and the blowing rate is 50 L/min， the homogenization time is 245 s. When the blowing rate increases to 300 L/min， the homogenization time decreases to 145 s. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Medium Carbon Steel with Ultrafine-Grained Ferrite-Pearlite Lamellar Structure Hao WEI, Yang ZHANG, Xiao-ning XU, Qi-bin YE 2025, 46 (9):  81-86.  DOI: 10.12068/j.issn.1005-3026.2025.20240048 Abstract ( 184 )   HTML ( 1)   PDF (12261KB) ( 3 )   Using the warm rolling process in the two-phase region，ultrafine-grained ferrite-pearlite lamellar microstructures were obtained in a 0.41%C medium carbon steel. The microstructures and mechanical properties of the warm rolled steel sheets were characterized using scanning electron microscopy（SEM），electron backscatter diffraction（EBSD），quasi-static tensile tests，and a series of low-temperature impact tests at three different temperatures（770，800 and 830 ℃）for comparative analysis. The results reveal that in the steel sheets rolled at temperatures of 770，800，and 830 ℃，the average grain size of ferrite is measured to be 0.82，0.89，and 1.14 μm，the proportion of pearlite is 16.4%，36.2%，43.5%，with the size of 0.9，1.3，1.8 μm，respectively. Furthermore， the yield strength is（696±3），（733±7）and（776±5）MPa，the elongation after fracture is 16.5%，16.1% and 13.8%，and the impact energy at -60 °C is 119，114，and 89 J，respectively.The proportion and size of ultrafine-grained ferrite-pearlite in the lamellar structure of medium carbon steel can be changed by warm rolling at different temperatures in the two-phase region.As a result， a remarkable improvement in the low-temperature impact toughness of the medium carbon steel with high pearlite content is achieved. This leads to a synergistic enhancement of strength， ductility， and low-temperature impact toughness. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Mechanical Engineering

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Cutter-Workpiece Engagement Calculation for Milling of Spur Gears Based on Surface Trimming Rong-chuang ZHANG, Ming LI 2025, 46 (9):  87-94.  DOI: 10.12068/j.issn.1005-3026.2025.20240004 Abstract ( 166 )   HTML ( 1)   PDF (2610KB) ( 5 )   A cutter-workpiece engagement （CWE） calculation approach for multi-axis milling of spur gears based on surface trimming was proposed.Firstly， to accurately describe the relative motion relationship between the milling cutter and the workpiece， a gear milling motion model was established.Secondly， based on the established precise mathematical model of the involute gear tooth profile， the constant scallop-height method was applied for tool path planning， with precise calculation of the coordinate positions for each cutter location point.Thirdly， the cutter sweep surface was approximated using a hemispherical surface， and the CWE was defined as a partial sphere constrained by three boundary curves.The hemispherical surface was trimmed using the surface where the boundary curves are located to accurately extract the CWE.Finally， the engagement angles were calculated through an intersection operation between the CWE and a plane perpendicular to the tool axis.A comparative analysis of the simulated and experimentally measured CWE demonstrates the high computational accuracy of the proposed method.Furthermore， compared with solid modeling-based method adopted in the literature， this method has a higher computational efficiency. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Static Mechanical Properties of Green Compact Specimens Fabricated by Metal Material Extrusion Shi-jie JIANG, Shu-guang LI, Zi-zhao XU, Fei WANG 2025, 46 (9):  95-101.  DOI: 10.12068/j.issn.1005-3026.2025.20230263 Abstract ( 133 )   HTML ( 2)   PDF (2189KB) ( 3 )   There is a lack of systematic research on the static mechanical properties of products fabricated via metal material extrusion （MME） additive manufacturing. Three types of 17-4PH stainless steel powder/polymer composite filament were firstly studied. Then， the formability of the filament was verified by forming green compact specimens using ordinary material extrusion manufacturing equipment through the preparation work for static mechanical properties. The tensile， compressive and flexural properties were tested to analyze their static mechanical properties and explore the influence of different metal powder filling content. The results show that the self-made composite filament can produce green compact products of good quality. When the filling content of 17-4PH stainless steel powder increases from 40% to 50%， the tensile strength of the specimens is decreased by about 7.8%， compressive strength is decreased by 39.2% and flexural strength is reduced by about 30%. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on Interface Microstructure and Mechanical Performance of K403 Blade Repaired with Heterogeneous Material Qi-zhen REN, Gui-ru MENG, Ya-dong GONG, Yuan-feng LI 2025, 46 (9):  102-112.  DOI: 10.12068/j.issn.1005-3026.2025.20240019 Abstract ( 121 )   HTML ( 2)   PDF (4600KB) ( 3 )   By taking K403 damaged blades as the substrate， IN718 alloy powder by laser cladding was used to repair and remanufacture the interface area between cladding layer and substrate. Based on the orthogonal tests， the laser cladding process for IN718 alloy was optimized， and the influence of the process parameters on the formation size and quality of the cladding layer was studied. The microstructure characteristics of the repaired interface area and the mechanism of crack formation were analyzed. The results show that cracks originate from the substrate regions and expand towards the cladding layer. The location of crack initiation is influenced by the shape of the molten pool， and the number of cracks is related to the morphology of the fusion zone. After heat treatment， the precipitates between the grains of the cladding layer transform from granular Laves phase to acicular phase δ. The interface area exhibits metallurgical bonding. The heat treatment has little effect on the K403 substrate， but it makes the hardness transition in the interface area smoother， and increases the hardness of the cladding layer by nearly 50%， the width of the heat affected zone is about 2.1 mm； the tensile strength is 731.7 MPa， and the elongation is 3.7%. The fracture type is a quasi-cleavage fracture dominated by brittle fracture. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on Cutting Force Model in Helical Milling of Multi- directional Layup CFRP Composites Hai-yan WANG, Qing-chao WANG, Wan-chun YU, Yan FENG 2025, 46 (9):  112-118.  DOI: 10.12068/j.issn.1005-3026.2025.20240071 Abstract ( 155 )   HTML ( 1)   PDF (2050KB) ( 3 )   In order to accurately predict cutting forces during helical milling of multi-directional layup carbon fiber reinforced polymer（CFRP） composites， the characteristics of multi-directional CFRP material and the principle of helical milling were analyzed， and the interlayer effects among different fibers of helical milling were considered， the influence of fiber orientation angle on cutting forces was explored. Based on the force conditions in different cutting regions， the microelement cutting force was calculated using the superposition principle， and the cutting force model in helical milling of multi-directional layup composite material was established. Helical milling experiments on multi-directional CFRP were carried out， and the measured cutting force after filtering by the experiment was analyzed. According to the experimental data， the interlayer effect coefficients were calibrated， and experimentally measured cutting forces were compared with the predicted one by the model. The results show that the maximum error of X and Y directional forces is less than 20% and the maximum error of Z directional force is less than 10%， which verifies the correctness of the model. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Resources & Civil Engineering

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Mechanical Properties and Working Mechanism of UHTCC with Recycled Fine Aggregate Meng CHEN, Fu-cheng LIU, Tong ZHANG, Di WU 2025, 46 (9):  119-125.  DOI: 10.12068/j.issn.1005-3026.2025.20240016 Abstract ( 126 )   HTML ( 1)   PDF (3412KB) ( 5 )   To investigate the effect of recycled fine aggregate （RFA） on the workability and mechanical properties of ultra-high toughness cementitious composites （UHTCC）， flowability， compressive strength， and uniaxial tensile tests were conducted on UHTCC with RFA replacement ratios of 0， 25%， 50%， 75%， and 100% for silica sand. The results indicate that the RFA replacement ratio has little effect on the flowability of UHTCC. Both the compressive and uniaxial tensile strengths of UHTCC decrease with increasing RFA replacement ratios， with a more pronounced reduction observed after the RFA replacement ratio exceeds 50%， decreasing by 13.9%~19.9% and 11.3%~16.7%， respectively， compared to specimens with pure silica sand aggregate. Under direct tension， the ultimate strain and crack numbers in UHTCC increase with higher RFA replacement ratios. When the RFA replacement ratio reaches 50%， the ultimate strain increases by 27.2%~40.9% compared to specimens with pure silica sand aggregate， and the specimens gradually exhibit a “saturated” fine and dense multi-crack failure mode. Microstructural analysis indicates that increasing the RFA replacement ratio facilitates the pull-out of PVA fibers from the UHTCC matrix， enhancing the fiber bridging effect across cracks. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on Dielectric Properties and Influence of Water Content of Building Materials Based on Microwave Radiometer An-kui ZHU, Jin-sheng LIU, Shan-jun LIU, Meng AO 2025, 46 (9):  126-134.  DOI: 10.12068/j.issn.1005-3026.2025.20240034 Abstract ( 105 )   HTML ( 2)   PDF (2392KB) ( 3 )   Traditional contact-based dot frequency methods fail to accurately characterize bulk dielectric properties of large-scale samples. Therefore， a microwave dielectric testing system was utilized to investigate the dielectric properties of common building materials. The results show that polarization capability is the primary determinant of dielectric property variations. Wood and plastics are mainly composed of weak polar covalent bonds with a low dielectric constant. Rubber and marble demonstrate elevated dielectric constants due to their strongly polar carbon-carbon double bonds and ionic bonds， respectively. Although sandstone， granite， and glass share silica as their primary constituent， the amorphous structure of glass modifies charge distribution and polarization behavior， yielding a higher dielectric constant. For the same material， water content constitutes the most significant factor governing dielectric properties. Therefore， the influence of water content on dielectric constant was further studied， and the dielectric model of water content in permeable water was established. The results show that when the water content of wood is 0~30% and that of sandstone is 0~0.5%， the water exists in the form of structural water or adsorbed water， which has little effect on the dielectric constant. After the water content increases， the water molecules are distributed in the pores of the sample in the form of free water， which has a significant effect on the dielectric constant. The presence of surface-attached water induces significant dielectric constant amplification in rock specimens. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on Process Mineralogy Characteristics and Pre-enrichment Technology of Vanadium-Bearing Stone Coal Shuai-hou YANG, Jian-ping JIN, Xin-ran ZHU, Zhen-ya ZHOU 2025, 46 (9):  135-142.  DOI: 10.12068/j.issn.1005-3026.2025.20240050 Abstract ( 130 )   HTML ( 2)   PDF (2907KB) ( 3 )   Shaanxi vanadium-bearing stone coal was selected as the research object. The raw ore was characterized by chemical element analysis， X-ray diffraction （XRD）， and an automatic quantitative analysis system （MLA）of mineral parameters. Systematic investigation into its elemental composition， mineral composition， occurrence state of vanadium， embedding relationship， and dissociation characteristics of vanadium-bearing minerals was conducted. On this basis， the spiral chute tailings discarding tests， flotation tailings discarding tests， and combined gravity-flotation tailings discarding tests of raw ores were carried out.When the mass fraction of V2O5 in the raw ore was 0.82%， combined gravity-flotation tailings discarding tests could obtain the pre-concentrate with a V2O5 mass fraction of 1.23%， a tailing yield of 41.97%， and a vanadium recovery rate of 87.37%. The study provides a reference for the efficient development and utilization of vanadium-bearing stone coal in China. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics