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24 March 2023, Volume 44 Issue 3 Previous Issue    Next Issue
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Information & Control
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Information & Control

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Research on Resource Prediction of Space-based Information Network Based on Improved GRU Algorithm GENG Rong， WU Ya-qian， XIAO Qian-qian， XU Sai 2023, 44 (3):  305-314.  DOI: 10.12068/j.issn.1005-3026.2023.03.001 Abstract ( 828 )   HTML ( 16)   PDF (2360KB) ( 602 )   In orde to improve the resource utilization of space-based information metwork efficiency， a resource prediction model of space-based information network was presented based on the improved GRU (gated recurrent unit) algorithm. Firstly， a hierarchical three-level resource prediction framework was proposed to solve the problem of long delay in space-based environment. Then， Adam optimizer was used to optimize the learning rate of GRU network. Finally， Dropout technology was introduced to solve the over-fitting problem in the network. The experiments simulated the prediction of various space-based resources under different prediction models， and compared the prediction accuracy of GRU model under different optimizers. The results show that the resource prediction model based on improved GRU network has better performance. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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An Algorithm for Assessing the Importance of Service Oriented Space-based Information Network Nodes LIU Jun， SHI Jia-wei， JIAO Hao-yue， JIANG Xiang-hong 2023, 44 (3):  315-323.  DOI: 10.12068/j.issn.1005-3026.2023.03.002 Abstract ( 473 )   HTML ( 5)   PDF (1317KB) ( 262 )   Traditional node importance assessment only considers topologies， subjective and objective assignment methods have limitations. In order to integrate multiple assessment indicators accurately and effectively， the service-oriented node importance indicator system was established and the subjective and objective comprehensive weighting method based on particle swarm and an approximate ideal solution sorting algorithm based on cosine distance and grey correlation were proposed. The results show that removing or repairing the important nodes evaluated by the method has a greater impact on the network performance compared with traditional methods. The node importance assessment algorithm is more accurate than traditional algorithms. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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High-Order Dynamic Bayesian Network Modelling Method Based on Potential Regulatory Factors Screening LI Chan， QU Lu-xuan， XIN Jun-chang， WANG Zhi-qiong 2023, 44 (3):  323-330.  DOI: 10.12068/j.issn.1005-3026.2023.03.003 Abstract ( 411 )   HTML ( 4)   PDF (1007KB) ( 209 )   In order to solve the problems of low network construction accuracy and long network construction time in the current methods used to construct gene regulatory networks， so as to reduce the complexity of network construction and improve the efficiency of network construction， a method called high-order dynamic Bayesian network modelling method based on potential regulatory factors screening (PRS-HO-DBN) was proposed. The method combines the correlation model with the high-order dynamic Bayesian network model. Firstly， the potential regulatory factor screening method is used to delete the genes with low association with the target gene under different time delays， and retain the genes with high association with the target gene as the potential regulatory factor set of the target gene to reduce the search space. Then the high-order dynamic Bayesian model is used for structure learning to improve the accuracy of network construction. Compared with other methods， the method can greatly reduce network construction time and improve efficiency and accuracy. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Two-Stage Inpainting Algorithm Based on U-net Edge Generation and Hypergraphs Convolution LI Hai-yan， XIONG Li-chang， GUO Lei， LI Hai-jiang 2023, 44 (3):  331-339.  DOI: 10.12068/j.issn.1005-3026.2023.03.004 Abstract ( 533 )   HTML ( 11)   PDF (2513KB) ( 276 )   In order to implement reasonable structure inpainting and fine texture reconstruction for large irregular missing areas with complex background， a two-stage network inpainting algorithm based on U-net edge generation and hypergraphs convolution is proposed. Firstly， the image to be repaired is fed into a coarse inpainting network based on U-net gated convolution where the context information of the image is propagated to a deeper layer through jump connection to obtain rich image detail information. Down-sampling is applied to extract the edge features of the missing area， and up-sampling is performed to restore the edge details of the missing area while hybrid dilated convolution is adopted to increase the information receptive field and further obtain image detailed texture information. Subsequently， the coarse inpainting results are inputted into the refine inpainting network with hypergraphs convolution to capture and learn the hypergraphs structure in the input image， and the cross-correlation matrix of spatial features is implemented to capture the spatial feature structure as well as to further improve the structural integrity and fine-grained details. Finally， the refined inpainting results are input into the discriminator for discrimination optimization to further improve the inpainting results. The experimental simulation is carried out on the internationally published dataset. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm can generate a reasonable structure with good color consistency and abundant detail texture under the condition of large-area loss， and the visual effect， PSNR， SSIM and L1 loss are superior over those of the compared algorithms. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Materials & Metallurgy

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Effect of Multi-step Heat Treatment on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Cu-Bearing Medium Carbon Low Alloy Steel DI Hong-shuang， KE Hao-peng， ZHANG Tian-yu 2023, 44 (3):  340-348.  DOI: 10.12068/j.issn.1005-3026.2023.03.005 Abstract ( 448 )   HTML ( 7)   PDF (3671KB) ( 213 )   To solve the problem that the strength and toughness of Cu-bearing medium carbon low alloy steel are difficult to coordinate during high temperature tempering， a novel multi-step heat treatment scheme was designed. The effects of the heat treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the experimental steel were investigated by mechanical properties test， microstructure characterization and thermodynamic calculation. The results show that after quenching-subcritical annealing-inter-critical tempering-tempering， the mixed microstructure with tempered martensite and inter-critical ferrite is obtained. The martensite lath becomes narrower， the microstructure is significantly refined， high angle grain boundaries increase， the lamellar cementite distributed at the prior austenite grain boundaries and lath boundaries is spheroidized， partial Cu-rich phases in the lath are coarsened. Excellent comprehensive mechanical properties can be obtained by the multi-step process， with yield strength of 901MPa， tensile strength of 1003MPa， elongation of 22% and impact energy of 35J. Compared to that after traditional quenching-tempering process， the strength of experimental steel is reduced， but the impact toughness and elongation are increased by around 3 times and 50% respectively. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of Al on Microstructure and Tensile Behavior of an Additive Manufacturing Nickel-Based Superalloy ZHU Yu， SONG Wei， LIANG Jing-jing， LI Jin-guo 2023, 44 (3):  348-356.  DOI: 10.12068/j.issn.1005-3026.2023.03.006 Abstract ( 437 )   HTML ( 12)   PDF (2386KB) ( 171 )   To clarify the effect of Al on the microstructure and properties of nickel base superalloy produced by additive manufacturing， the effects of Al on the microstructure， tensile properties and deformation mechanism were analyzed via the Ni based superalloys with different Al contents prepared by laser metal deposition. The experimental results show that with the improvement of Al content(3% to 5%)， the γ/γ′ eutectic， carbides and cracks in microstructure increase a few. When the Al content reaches 7%， the quantity of γ/γ′ eutectic and carbides increase prominently. A large number of solidification cracks and liquefaction cracks， which are formed due to the pinning of high melting point carbides at grain boundaries and the remelting of low melting point eutectic， respectively， can be observed. The strength of the alloy increases first and then decreases with the increase of Al element， and the alloy with 4% Al has the highest strength. It is due to the increasing size and cubic of γ′phase that hinders the movement of dislocations effectively. The decrease of strength and plasticity of the alloy with 5% Al is attributed to the increase of existed hot cracks， carbides and eutectic. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of Warm Rolling on Laminated Ultra-fine Grained Dual-phase Microstructure and Tensile Properties of DP590 Steel SU Yuan-fei， LI Hui-jie， XU Xiao-ning， YE Qi-bin 2023, 44 (3):  357-363.  DOI: 10.12068/j.issn.1005-3026.2023.03.007 Abstract ( 428 )   HTML ( 5)   PDF (10559KB) ( 140 )   The preparation of laminated ultra-fine grain dual-phase microstructure by rolling DP590 steel at different temperatures in the dual-phase zone and its effect on mechanical properties were investigated. The results showed that the laminated ultra-fine grain ferrite and martensite dual-phase microstructure was obtained when the steel was rolled at 720， 760 and 800℃ in the dual-phase zone(corresponding to WR720， WR760 and WR800). The corresponding martensite volume fractions are 26.5%， 37.2% and 30.8%， respectively， and the average grain sizes of large angle grain boundary ferrite are (1.92±1.32)，(1.44±2.14) and (1.79±1.54)μm， respectively. It is worth noting that the microstructure characteristics and mechanical properties do not correspond linearly with the warm rolling temperature， but the intermediate temperature， i.e.， 760℃， rolled steel plate grain size is the smallest， martensite volume fraction is the highest， the corresponding yield strength and tensile strength is the highest. This nonlinear relationship between temperature and mechanical properties is discussed in terms of deformation-induced ferrite phase transformation and dynamic recrystallization of ferrite. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on Synthesis and Modification of SnO2@voids@C-SnO as Anode Material for Lithium-Ion Battery by Self-assembled CaCO3 Template Method HAO Xi-juan， HU Jian-nan， ZHAO He， LI Jian-zhong 2023, 44 (3):  363-369.  DOI: 10.12068/j.issn.1005-3026.2023.03.008 Abstract ( 364 )   HTML ( 4)   PDF (2513KB) ( 130 )   A SnO2@voids@C-SnO material with three-dimensional hierarchical-porous carbon skeleton structure was prepared by using CaCO3 as template. Then， Ni element was doped in the SnO2@voids@C-SnO material by a sol-gel method. The crystal structure and morphology of the prepared sample were characterized by XRD and SEM， respectively， and the electrochemical performance of the above sample-based battery was tested. The results show that the first discharge specific capacity of the SnO2@voids@C-SnO material at 50mA· g-1 was 1092mAh· g-1. The specific capacity of the SnO2@voids@C-SnO material can be effectively increased by Ni doping. A 25% Ni-doped material obtained the highest first discharge specific capacity of 1414.6mAh· g-1， and still had a higher discharge specific capacity of 617mAh· g-1 after 70 cycles， the sample also showed high-rate performance. The increased particle dispersion after Ni doping was conducive to decreasing volume expansion， thus， endowing the Ni-doped SnO2@voids@C-SnO material with high electrochemical properties. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on Spreading and Breaking Characteristics of Liquid Flow Impact Flat Disc LIU Zhong-yuan， YU Qing-bo， LIU Jun-xiang 2023, 44 (3):  370-375.  DOI: 10.12068/j.issn.1005-3026.2023.03.009 Abstract ( 320 )   HTML ( 3)   PDF (991KB) ( 109 )   Because of the difficulty in determining the process parameters under a specific particle size， based on the principle of splash plate atomization， the liquid film thickness and flow velocity at the edge of the disk are used as intermediate variables， and the entire process is divided into two correlations: spreading inside the disk and breaking outside the disk. The gas-liquid two-phase flow mathematical model was established for the liquid film spreading process inside the disc， and the liquid film surface disturbance wave mathematical model was established for the liquid film breaking process outside the disc. The effects of flow velocity， flow diameter， and disc diameter on the spreading and breaking characteristics of the liquid film were studied. The results show that when the medium is Sn-58Bi， the liquid flow rate is 3m/s， the diameter of the disc is 200mm， and the liquid flow diameter is changed to 50~100mm， the diameter of the formed droplet is 7.5~10mm; when the liquid flow diameter increases or the disc diameter decreases， the droplet diameter increases; when the liquid flow velocity increases， the breaking time decreases， and the effect on the droplet diameter is small. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Mechanical Engineering

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Design and Experimental Verification of Rotor System Dynamics Simulation Platform LUO Zhong， WU Dong-ze，LI Lei， GE Chang-chuang 2023, 44 (3):  375-381.  DOI: 10.12068/j.issn.1005-3026.2023.03.010 Abstract ( 462 )   HTML ( 4)   PDF (2148KB) ( 297 )   In the rotor system dynamics simulation， operations such as model establishment， support setting， mesh division， and constraint setting result in low calculation and analysis efficiency， and the cumbersome operation can easily lead to omissions or false touches of settings. Aiming at this problem， a rotor system dynamics simulation platform is proposed， which realizes the parameterized modeling and automatic simulation of the rotor system， and improves the simulation efficiency of the rotor system. First， using the combined design method of ACT (application customization toolkit)， Python and XML， the parametric modeling module and dynamics simulation module are designed for interfaces， functions， and data transfer. Then， the workflow， specific functions and simulation results of this platform are demonstrated in detail in the simulation example. Finally， the simulation platform is verified by the existing rotor experiment platform. The results show that the error between the simulation and experiment is small， thus proving the feasibility and effectiveness of the simulation platform. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Stiffness Fluctuation Characteristics of Ball Bearings with Misalignment and Ball Distribution Error XU Hong-yang， YANG Yang， WANG Peng-fei， MA Hui 2023, 44 (3):  382-391.  DOI: 10.12068/j.issn.1005-3026.2023.03.011 Abstract ( 383 )   HTML ( 2)   PDF (2105KB) ( 132 )   Bearing misalignment may result in cage fractures and ball distribution errors. In order to analyze the effects of misalignments and ball distribution errors on the bearing stiffness fluctuation， considering the external loads and misalignments of inner and outer races， a quasi-static model of deep groove ball bearings with ball distribution errors is proposed. Based on the proposed model， the effects of ball distribution errors on the fluctuation characteristics of radial， axial and overturning stiffness of deep groove ball bearings under the condition of misaligned inner and outer races and external loads are further analyzed. The results show that the stiffness of the bearings fluctuates with the period of the ball passing through the outer race， that is， VC (variable compliance) vibration under the condition of the misaligned outer race and external loads. At this time， because of the existence of ball distribution errors， the bearing stiffness significantly fluctuates with the cage rotation period. The misalignments of the inner race rotating with the spindle cause the bearing stiffness to fluctuate by half of the inner race rotation period. The stiffness fluctuation amplitude increases due to the ball distribution errors. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Modified Abdel-Karim-Ohno Model and Ratcheting Effect Prediction of Z2CDN18.12N Stainless Steel CHEN Xiao-hui， LIU Ming-yue， LIU Shi-ji， TIAN Yu-song 2023, 44 (3):  392-398.  DOI: 10.12068/j.issn.1005-3026.2023.03.012 Abstract ( 394 )   HTML ( 1)   PDF (1014KB) ( 114 )   In order to better describe the uniaxial ratcheting behavior of Z2CDN18.12N austenitic stainless steel， the Abdel-Karim-Ohno model was improved under the framework of the unified viscoplastic cyclic constitutive theory. By introducing a plastic strain memory surface into the isotropic hardening rule， the model parameters were determined. Further， the Abdel-Karim-Ohno model and the improved Abdel-Karim-Ohno model were used to predict the uniaxial ratcheting effect behavior of Z2CDN18.12N austenitic stainless steel at the room temperature. The influences of mean stress， stress amplitude， stress rate and loading history on the uniaxial ratcheting strain of Z2CDN18.12N austenitic stainless steel were studied by the two models， respectively. The uniaxial ratcheting strain level increased with the increasing mean stress and stress amplitude， decreased with the increasing stress rate， being more sensitive to the lower stress rate， and the loading history had great influence on the ratcheting behavior. Comparison of the prediction results of the two models with the experimental data proved the effectiveness of the improved model. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Resources & Civil Engineering

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Mechanical Properties and Acoustic Emission Characteristics of Soft-Hard Interbedded Rocks Under Different Loading Rates KANG Yu-mei，GU Jin，WEI Meng-qi 2023, 44 (3):  399-407.  DOI: 10.12068/j.issn.1005-3026.2023.03.013 Abstract ( 422 )   HTML ( 4)   PDF (3012KB) ( 230 )   Based on the measured data of sandstone mudstone interbedded rock mass in the Three Gorges Reservoir area， the soft-hard interbedded rock samples were made. Under uniaxial compression， the effects of different static loading rates on the mechanical and acoustic emission characteristics of rock samples with different thickness ratios and different rock formation combinations were explored. The results show that the loading rate and the volume ratio of hard and soft rock are the main factors affecting the peak strength， while the loading rate and the thickness ratio of hard and soft rock are the main factors affecting the final failure characteristics. On the one hand， with the increase of loading rate， the peak strength of the soft-hard interbedded rocks decreases first and then increases; The proportion of hard rock is positively correlated with the compressive strength of rock samples. On the other hand， the ultimate failure mode of rock samples at low loading rate is complete failure of materials， and at high loading rate， 1~2 main fracture surfaces penetrating soft and hard rock layers are finally formed. The less the volume proportion of soft rock， the more severe the damage to soft rock. In addition， the sudden increase of AF value and the sudden decrease of b value can be taken as early warning signals of large-scale damage of the soft-hard interbedded rock mass. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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A Simulation Method for Particle Breakage with Random Fragment Size Based on Discrete Element Method ZHAO Fei-xiang， CHI Shi-chun 2023, 44 (3):  408-414.  DOI: 10.12068/j.issn.1005-3026.2023.03.014 Abstract ( 331 )   HTML ( 1)   PDF (1788KB) ( 162 )   Based on the breakage characteristics of natural rockfill particles， a fragment replacement mode with random sub-particle sizes， namely cube replacement model is established. The simulation test using the cube replacement mode can obtain a size distribution of sub-particles that obeys the breakage characteristic of natural rockfill particles. Uniaxial compression simulations show that， compared with the 4-ball and 18-ball replacement modes with fixed sub-particle sizes， the cube replacement mode can improve the continuity of specimen gradation curve and the problem of missing particles with intermediate sizes. Comparing the simulations of replacement modes with different sub-particle number， the distributions of contact number and mean contact force obtained by cube replacement mode comply with the influence of sub-particle number on the distributions. After removing the non-contact and single-contact particles from specimen， the change rules of micromechanical characteristics of different replacement modes are consisted. It is indicated that the cube replacement mode can be used to simulate the particle breakage of coarse-grained soils. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis of Elastic Modulus Variation and Energy Evolution of Granite Based on Triaxial Loading and Unloading Test JI Hong-guang， CHEN Dong-sheng， SU Xiao-bo， QUAN Dao-lu 2023, 44 (3):  415-423.  DOI: 10.12068/j.issn.1005-3026.2023.03.015 Abstract ( 380 )   HTML ( 3)   PDF (1301KB) ( 191 )   To investigate the relationship between the deformation and energy characteristics of the rock mass and the stress state， triaxial cyclic loading and unloading tests on granite under five types of confining pressure were carried out. Based on the stress-strain curves， the elastic modulus and energy density of the granite were calculated during cyclic loading and unloading， and the influence of the stress state on the evolution of the elastic modulus and energy was analyzed. The results show that the axial modulus of elasticity increases with the increase of the confining pressure， and increases first and then decreases with the increase of the axial stress. The axial modulus of elasticity shows a good quadratic function with the maximum and minimum principal stresses. The energy density and the proportion of elastic energy (the ratio of elastic energy to total energy input) increase significantly as the confining pressure increases， and the energy storage capacity of the rock increases. The proportion of elastic energy increases first and then decreases as the axial stress increases. The decrease in the proportion of elastic energy is the stage of increased damage to the rock， and the increase in the confining pressure prolongs the process of damage evolution. Finally， the correlation between stress state， rock mechanical parameters， and energy state is discussed. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Biochar Properties of Waste Vegetable Leaves by Isothermal Pyrolysis ZHANG Yi-teng， CHENG Xing-xing， WANG Xue-tao， WANG Zhi-qiang 2023, 44 (3):  424-431.  DOI: 10.12068/j.issn.1005-3026.2023.03.016 Abstract ( 337 )   HTML ( 1)   PDF (1563KB) ( 107 )   The waste cabbage leave(WCL)was used as raw material to prepare biochars under various temperatures(420， 520， 620， 720℃). Biochars were comprehensively characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR)， X-ray diffraction(XRD)and so on. Additionally， the relationship between pyrolysis gas and biochar properties was investigated. The results show that biomass energy recovery could concentrate on the process conditions， as pyrolysis gas is significantly correlated with the heating rate， while biochar production is influenced by the heat and retention time at the end of pyrolysis. Pyrolytic gases could be correlated with the changes of functional groups on biochar surface and the microstructure of carbon. High-temperature biochars have more ordered structures， but low-temperature biochars have more functional groups and their oxygen-containing functional groups can reach 55%. In addition， 520℃ may be the characteristic temperature point of bio-pyrolysis of WCL. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Excavation Field Test and Parameters Optimization of the Transverse Pilot Tunnel with Small Diameter Tube Curtain Construction Method ZHAO Wen ， SUN Yuan， BAI Qian， XIA Yun-peng 2023, 44 (3):  432-439.  DOI: 10.12068/j.issn.1005-3026.2023.03.017 Abstract ( 373 )   HTML ( 1)   PDF (2894KB) ( 118 )   Shifudalu station of Shenyang Metro is constructed by small diameter tube curtain construction method. The influence of the excavation of the transverse pilot tunnels on the surface settlement and vault deformation was firstly analyzed by on-site monitoring， and then the three-dimensional model of station structure was established by Midas GTS NX. The accuracy of the model was verified by comparing with on-site monitoring data， and the influence of the number of transverse pilot tumels and the construction sequence on the surface settlement was finally analyzed. The results show that the stratum loss rate caused by the excavation of the transverse pilot tunnel is 0.08%， and the pipe curtain structure can effectively restrain the surface settlement. Compared with other excavation schemes， it’s better to excavate from side tunnel to central tunnel， which can effectively reduce the surface settlement by 24.7%. The difference in surface settlement is only 8% when the number of excavated transverse pilot tunnels is five to seven. Compared with the construction scheme of seven transverse pilot tunnels， the construction of four and three transverse pilot tunnels can reduce surface settlement by 18.0% and 28.3%， respectively. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Management Science

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Product Recycling Cooperation Strategy Under Government Subsidies and Third-Party Recycling LI Li-jun， LIU Yi-duo， CHENG Fu 2023, 44 (3):  440-447.  DOI: 10.12068/j.issn.1005-3026.2023.03.018 Abstract ( 340 )   HTML ( 2)   PDF (583KB) ( 141 )   In order to discuss the recycling cooperation strategy of supply chain members under the third-party recycling mode， a supply chain system composed of manufacturers， retailers and third-party recyclers was built. Considering government subsidies， product recycling cooperation strategies of manufacturers and third-party recyclers under cost sharing and task sharing recycling cooperation modes were studied. The optimal decisions and profits of supply chain members under the non-cooperation and two cooperation modes were calculated and the impacts of government subsidies on the profit of the supply chain members were analyzed. The research results showed that， government subsidies have a positive impact on supply chain members’ profits， no matter how government subsidies change， when manufacturers cooperate with their recyclers， the product recycling rate， supply chain members’ profits and their growth rate with subsidies are always higher than those without cooperation. When government subsidies and manufacturers’ cost recycling coefficient meet certain conditions， there is a greater recycling rate in the cost sharing mode， and supply chain members can obtain greater profits as well. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on the Carbon Emission Reduction and Pricing Decisions of Supply Chains Considering Manufacturers’ Disappointment Aversion GUAN Zhi-min， XU Hao-xin， YU Tian-yang， DONG Jing-yang 2023, 44 (3):  447-456.  DOI: 10.12068/j.issn.1005-3026.2023.03.019 Abstract ( 371 )   HTML ( 3)   PDF (576KB) ( 159 )   The operational decision-making of low-carbon supply chains with different market structures is studied under the conditions of monopoly and duopoly competition. Considering that the uncertainty about investment in emission reduction technology innovation will lead to disappointment aversion among manufacturers. The constructing corresponding game models are constructed in both cases， and the relevant decision-making issues such as the investment level in emission reduction technologies and pricing of the low-carbon supply chains are discussed. The results show that in a monopoly situation， the investment level in emission reduction technologies， and the manufacturer utility are all negatively related to the disappointment aversion coefficient， and positively related to the investment cost efficiency of emission reduction technologies. In a competitive situation， whether low-carbon manufacturers dominate or both parties have equal power， equilibrium results are negatively related to the disappointment aversion coefficient， and positively related to the unit travel cost of consumers， retail price of low-carbon products are higher when low-carbon manufacturers dominate than that when power is equal; the investment level in emission reduction technologies when low-carbon manufacturers are dominant is lower than that when the powers of the two parties are equal， and in all power structures， the expected profit and utility of low-carbon manufacturers are negatively related to the investment cost coefficient in emission reduction technologies， while ordinary manufacturers are on the contrary. References | Related Articles | Metrics